Selectivity factor

Selectivity factor is a quantifiable measure of how efficient an antibiotic is during the process of gene selection.[1] It measures of the capacity an antibiotic to select for transfected (resistant) cells that contain a selectable marker, while killing untransfected (sensitive) cells that do not contain a selectable marker. A selectivity factor higher than 10 is optimal. This means the concentration of antibiotic is sufficient to kill untransfected cells but not toxic enough to kill transfected cells. A selectivity factor lower than 10 means the concentration of antibiotic needed for selection is too close to the toxic concentration for the transfected cells. As a result, fewer transfected cells survive and more untransfected cells survive. In this case an alternative antibiotic should be considered.

Calculating the selectivity factor

The method uses a modified MTT assay. The MTT assay is a colorimetric assay used to assess cell metabolic activity. The assay is based on the reduction of yellow tetrazolium salt (MTT) by active cells to produce purple formazan crystals which accumulate in living cells.[2] Cells are lysed, the crystals are dissolved, and the absorbance of the solution is analysed on a spectrophotometer as a measure of cell viability. In situations where the use of MTT is problematic, PI or Sytox Green screening in a fluorescence plate reader can be considered.[3] The next step is to generate a kill curve which defines the ideal concentration of a selection antibiotic to kill untransfected cells (Fig 1A). Curves are generated for both sensitive cells and resistant cells. The half-maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) can be calculated, which measures the potency of the antibiotic.

The selectivity factor is calculated as follows:

SF = IC50R/IC50S whereas SF = selectivity factor; IC50 = half-maximal inhibitory concentration; R= resistant cells; S = sensitive cells

Advantages of the selectivity factor

The selectivity factor has the following advantages: it is quantitative thus can be reported numerically using a microplate reader, it streamlines the process of generating stable cell lines (assay can be completed in 3 days), it considers both sensitive and resistant cells, and it allows comparison of the consistency and quality of antibiotics from different batches, vendors, and manufacturing methods.

Practical uses of the selectivity factor

The selectivity factor can be used for the creation of stably transfected cell lines, an important tool in drug discovery, biomedical research, and biological pathway investigation. Cell line creation involves transfection (transferring the gene into the cell line), and selection (applying selective pressure in the form of an antibiotic.[4] Transfection efficiency is dependent on cell type, cell density, vector, and transfection method. Selection efficiency depends on the capacity of the antibiotic to kill the parental cells but not the transfected cells.

References
  1. Delrue, I; Pan, Q; Baczmanska, AK; Callens, BW; Verdoodt, LLM (August 2018). "Determination of the Selection Capacity of Antibiotics for Gene Selection". Biotechnology Journal. 13 (8): e1700747. doi:10.1002/biot.201700747. PMID 29436782.
  2. Berridge, MV; Tan, AS (June 1993). "Characterization of the cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT): subcellular localization, substrate dependence, and involvement of mitochondrial electron transport in MTT reduction". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 303 (2): 474–82. doi:10.1006/abbi.1993.1311. PMID 8390225.
  3. Grootjans, S; Hassannia, B; Delrue, I; Goossens, V; Wiernicki, B; Dondelinger, Y; Bertrand, MJ; Krysko, DV; Vuylsteke, M; Vandenabeele, P; Vanden Berghe, T (August 2016). "A real-time fluorometric method for the simultaneous detection of cell death type and rate". Nature Protocols. 11 (8): 1444–54. doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.085. PMID 27414760. S2CID 30945080.
  4. Brielmeier, M; Béchet, JM; Falk, MH; Pawlita, M; Polack, A; Bornkamm, GW (1 May 1998). "Improving stable transfection efficiency: antioxidants dramatically improve the outgrowth of clones under dominant marker selection". Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (9): 2082–5. doi:10.1093/nar/26.9.2082. PMC 147536. PMID 9547263.
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