List of countries with multiple capitals

Some countries have multiple capitals. In some cases, one city is the capital for some purposes, and one or more others are capital for other purposes, without any being considered an official capital in preference to the others.

Countries with multiple capitals
  More than one capital at present
  More than one capital in the past
Lists of capitals
Of countries
Of country subdivisions
 Cities portal

There are also cases where there is a single legally defined capital, but one or more other cities operate as the seat of government of some or all parts of the national government.

More than one capital at present
Country Capitals Details
 Bolivia La PazDe facto executive capital
SucreConstitutional capital
 Eswatini MbabaneAdministrative capital
LobambaLegislative (parliament) and royal capital
 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Legislative (parliament), seat of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and constitutional capital
PutrajayaAdministrative centre; variously referred to as the administrative capital[1]
 Netherlands AmsterdamOfficial capital
The HagueLegislative capital (parliament)
 South Africa PretoriaAdministrative and executive capital
Cape TownLegislative capital (parliament)
BloemfonteinJudicial capital
 Sri Lanka Colombo Executive and judicial capital
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Legislative capital (parliament)

More than one capital in the past
Main article: List of former national capitals

These countries have had two cities that served as administrative capitals at the same time, for various reasons such as war, weather or partition. In some cases, the second capital is considered a temporary capital.

Country Years Capitals Details
Afghanistan 1776–1818 Kabul Summer capital
Peshawar Winter capital
 British India 1858–1947 Calcutta (1858–1911) Administrative capital
Delhi (1911–1947)
Simla Summer capital
Austria-Hungary 1873–1918 Vienna Cisleithania
Budapest Kingdom of Hungary
 Republic of China 1937–1945 Nanjing Capital of the Japanese-controlled puppet state
Chongqing Provisional capital of the Kuomintang-ruled Republic of China
1945–1991 Nanjing Administrative, legislative, and judicial capital (claimed between the 1949 Retreat and the 1992 Consensus)
Taipei Provisional capital of the Kuomintang-ruled Republic of China on Taiwan
 France 1940–1944 VichyDe facto administrative capital
ParisDe jure constitutional capital, also capital for the German military administration
 Kingdom of Italy 1943–1944 Brindisi (1943–Feb 1944) De facto provisional capital
Salerno (Feb–Jun 1944)
RomeDe jure capital until 1944 when it was liberated by the Allies
 Italian Social Republic 1943–1944 SalòDe facto capital until 1944 when it became the primary capital
RomeDe jure capital until 1944 when it was liberated by the Allies
 Laos 1947–1975 VientianeAdministrative capital
Luang PrabangRoyal capital
 Libya 1951–1969 Tripoli One of two official capitals of the Kingdom of Libya
Benghazi
 Malawi 1974–1994 Lilongwe Administrative and judiciary capital
Zomba Legislative capital
 Norway 1940 OsloOfficial capital
HamarTemporarily one-day capital that seated the parliament[2]
 Philippines 1948–1976 Quezon CityOfficial capital
ManilaDe facto seat of government
1901–1976 BaguioSummer capital (still known as summer capital, outside of political use)
 Serbia and Montenegro 2003–2006 BelgradeAdministrative and legislative capital
PodgoricaJudicial capital

See also

References
  1. "Putrajaya | Smart Putrajaya". smart.putrajaya.my. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  2. Kongens nei - 9. april (Norwegian)
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