Seattle Underground

Start of the Great Seattle Fire, looking south on 1st Avenue near Madison Street

A view looking upwards at the vault lights (glass skywalks). The roof of a building at previous street level; now the top of the glass is walked upon and forms the current sidewalk.

After the Great Seattle Fire of June 6, 1889,[1][2] new construction was required to be of masonry, and the town's streets were regraded one to two stories higher. Pioneer Square had originally been built mostly on filled-in tidelands and often flooded. The new street level also kept sewers draining into Elliott Bay from backing up at high tide.

For the regrade, the streets were lined with concrete walls that formed narrow alleyways between the walls and the buildings on both sides of the street, with a wide "alley" where the street was. The naturally steep hillsides were used and, through a series of sluices, material was washed into the wide "alleys", by raising the streets to the desired new level, generally 12 feet (3.7 m) higher than before, in some places nearly 30 feet (9.1 m).

At first, pedestrians climbed ladders to go between street level and the sidewalks in front of the building entrances. Brick archways were constructed next to the road surface, above the submerged sidewalks. Vault lights (a form of walk-on skylight with small panes of clear glass which later became amethyst-colored) were installed over the gap from the raised street and the building, creating the area now called the Seattle Underground.

The concrete floor of the former meat market was originally at the level of the wooden platform on the left but sank over time because of decomposing sawdust fill.

When they reconstructed their buildings, merchants and landlords knew that the ground floor would eventually be underground and the next floor up would be the new ground floor, so there is very little decoration on the doors and windows of the original ground floor, but extensive decoration on the new ground floor.

Once the new sidewalks were complete, building owners moved their businesses to the new ground floor, although merchants carried on business in the lowest floors of buildings that survived the fire, and pedestrians continued to use the underground sidewalks lit by the vault lights (still seen on some streets) embedded in the grade-level sidewalk above.

In 1907, the city condemned the Underground for fear of bubonic plague, two years before the 1909 World Fair in Seattle (Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition). The basements were left to deteriorate or were used as storage. Some became illegal flophouses for the homeless, gambling halls, speakeasies, and opium dens.

Only a small portion of the Seattle Underground has been restored and made safe and accessible to the public on guided tours. In 1965, local citizen Bill Speidel formally created "Bill Speidel's Underground Tour", which continues to operate from the Pioneer Building and adjacent buildings.[3] The tour route passes disused storefronts, artifacts, and multiple tunnel entrances.[4]

A second tour, Beneath the Streets, was created in 2013 and uses other sections of the Underground network.[5]

• Catacombs of Paris
• Catacombs of Rome
• Edinburgh Vaults
• Mary King's Close
• Manchester Cathedral Steps
• Raising of Chicago
• Shanghai tunnels (less commonly known as the Portland Underground, in Portland, Oregon)
• Underground Atlanta
• Underground City, Montreal, modern construction of interconnected office buildings, hotels, shopping centers and other venues in Montreal's CBD
• Underground City (underground features in cities around the world)

• Speidel, Bill (1978). Doc Maynard, The Man Who Invented Seattle. Nettle Creek. ISBN 0-914890-02-6.
• Speidel, Bill (1990). Sons of the Profits. Nettle Creek. ISBN 0-914890-06-9.

• Media related to Seattle Underground at Wikimedia Commons
• Mashable: 1905-1930 The Seattle Regrade