Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)

Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: سعود بن عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود, romanized: Saʿūd ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn Saʿūd; 1748 – 27 April 1814) ruled the First Saudi State from 1803 to 1814.[1] Saud annexed Mecca and Medina from the Ottoman Empire[2] making him the first Al Saud ruler who received the title of the servant of the Two Holy Cities.[3] During his rule the state experienced a significant level of strength and expansion for which he was called Saud Al Kabeer or Saud the Great.[4][5]

Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Emir and Imam of Diriyah
Reign1803 – 1814
PredecessorAbdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud
SuccessorAbdullah bin Saud Al Saud
Born1748
Diriyah, Emirate of Diriyah
Died27 April 1814 (aged 65–66)
Diriyah, Emirate of Diriyah
Issue
List
Names
Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Muhammad bin Saud
HouseAl Saud
FatherAbdulaziz bin Muhammad

Early life

Saud was born in Diriyah in 1748.[6][7] He was the eldest son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad.[8][9] The mother of Saud was a daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar, ruler of Uyaina.[10]

Saud's succession was decided and announced in 1787.[1][3] Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, religious leader of the state, asked people to express their allegiance to him as heir apparent.[11] It was Abdul Wahhab's last significant function in affairs of state.[11] From early age Saud began to act as the chief military commander of the Emirate together with his uncle, Abdullah bin Muhammad, who was the father of Turki bin Abdullah, the founder of the Emirate of Nejd or the Second Saudi State.[6] Saud led the forces of the Emirate in 1789 and conquered Al Hasa region defeating the army of the Bani Khalid Emirate who had been the ruler of the region.[12] Although the rule of Bani Khalid Emir, Abdul Muhsin bin Abdullah Al Hamid, was ended by them, the Emirate could not completely capture the eastern Arabia.[12] When Abdul Muhsin was killed by his tribe members in 1791, Saud again attacked them and won a victory eliminating the dominance of Bani Khalid in the region in 1792.[7][12]

In April 1802 Saud led an army with 12,000 Wahhabis and attacked Karbala destroying the tomb of Imam Hussain bin Ali, a grandson of Prophet Muhammad.[13] In addition, they stole valuable materials in the tomb and killed the inhabitants of the city.[13] Following the incident Saud sent a message to the Ottoman governor in Iraq stating: "As for your statement that we seized Karbala, slaughtered its people, and took their possessions — praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds! We make no apology for that, and we say: 'And like catastrophes await the unbelievers' [Quran 47:10]."[14]

Reign

The reign of Saud bin Abdulaziz began in 1803. Upon his accession to the throne he held the titles of both Emir and Imam like his father.[15]

Saud's reign was a period of religious cleansing in Arabia and in nearby regions.[16][17] He continued to attack on shrines in Iraq, and Basra was blockaded by his forces for twelve days.[18] The Emirate extended its rule beyond Najd and into the Hijaz which culminated with the capture of Medina in April 1804[19] and Mecca in 1806.[16] In addition to capturing Hijaz he managed to strengthen his authority there.[18] Furthermore, Bahrain and Oman were annexed to the Emirate, and Saud exerted his influence in Yemen.[18] In 1805 Saud's supremacy was also recognized by the rulers of Qawasim and Muscat, and Saud managed to capture a part of Oman.[13] The same year he also annexed the Buraimi Oasis.[13]

Saud's forces transformed the Kaaba in Mecca and destroyed the tombs of numerous religious figures in Medina in accordance with Wahhabi theology.[16] Due to the differences between Saud and the Ottomans in terms of the interpretation of Islam Saud ordered not to mention the name of the Ottoman sultan in Friday prayers in Mecca.[20] Following the capture of Mecca he sent a letter to Ottoman Sultan Selim III, inviting him to follow the Wahhabi theology.[20] In the same letter he declared that he had captured Mecca and destroyed all tombs there and that he would not let people from Damascus and Cairo to visit Mecca "with the Mahmal and with trumpet and drums."[21]

In 1807 Saud did not permit pilgrims from Egypt, Syria and Istanbul to enter Hijaz and expelled Turkish soldiers and settlers from Mecca.[18][22] Such religious transformations did not sit well with other Muslims, and many other Muslims found his actions to be extreme, and were stunned that the holy cities had been taken so easily. The Ottoman Empire did not want to relent control over the cities to local tribesmen. The Ottomans could not retake the cities on their own though as the bulk of their forces were tied up in Europe. Muhammad Ali, the viceroy of Egypt, was assigned to recapture the Arabian territories in 1809.[16][23] One of his sons, commanding the Egyptian troops, succeeded in re-conquering Hijaz in 1813.[20]

Personal life and death

Saud had a very different personality than his father, who was a deeply religious figure.[4] He was interested in material side of the rule.[4] However, like his grandfather and father he dressed in a plain way, and his armaments were not decorated unlike those of the Mamluk and Ottoman rulers.[5] He died in Diriyya on 27 April 1814[13] due to fever and was succeeded by his eldest son Abdullah.[1][24]

Saud's other sons included Mishari, Turki, Nasser and Saad.[25] His youngest son, Khalid, ruled the Emirate of Nejd or the Second Saudi State from 1838 to 1841 with the support of the Ottomans.[26][27] Three of Saud's sons were killed in the siege of Diriyah by Ibrahim Pasha, who also arrested Saud's successor, Abdullah bin Saud.[28] Mishari bin Saud returned to Diriyah in 1819 and attempted to establish his rule, but Mohammed bin Mishari bin Muammar who began to rule the region after the collapse of the Emirate imprisoned him.[28]

References
  1. Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday (2009). A Critical Analysis of the Religio-Political Conditions of Modern Saudi (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 37.
  2. Sayed Khatab (2011). Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics. Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 74. ISBN 9789774164996.
  3. Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). Saudi Arabia under King Faisal (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 29–30.
  4. Nawaf bin Ayyaf Almogren (2020). Diriyah Narrated by Its Built Environment: The Story of the First Saudi State (1744-1818) (MS thesis). MIT. hdl:1721.1/127856.
  5. Mohamed Mohamed El Amrousi (2001). Beyond Muslim space: Jeddah, Muscat, Aden and Port Said (PhD thesis). UCLA. pp. 24, 46. ISBN 978-0-493-48568-3. ProQuest 304688724.
  6. Gary Samuel Samore (1984). Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982) (PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 19. ISBN 9798641924397. ProQuest 303295482.
  7. Saeed 'Amr M. Al-'Amr Al-Beeshi (1994). The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840 (PhD thesis). University of Manchester. pp. 59, 68. ISBN 978-1-392-10160-5. ProQuest 2217103618.
  8. Charles F. Balka (December 2008). The Fate of Saudi Arabia: Regime Evolution in the Saudi Monarchy (MA thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. p. 16. hdl:10945/3805.
  9. Abdullah M. Zaid (1972). A practical critique of contemporary Arabian civilization (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Oklahoma. p. 22. hdl:11244/3480.
  10. James Wynbrandt (2010). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia (PDF). New York: Facts on File. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2021.
  11. Cole M. Bunzel (2023). Wahhābism: The History of a Militant Islamic Movement. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 209. doi:10.1515/9780691241609. ISBN 9780691241609.
  12. Sani Ali Bashir (1979). A study of Al Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783-1820 (MA thesis). McGill University. pp. 12–13.
  13. Abdul Wahap Saleh Babeair (1985). Ottoman Penetration of the Eastern Region of the Arabian Peninsula, 1814-1841 (PhD thesis). Indiana University. pp. 24, 36, 67–68. ISBN 979-8-204-34728-1. ProQuest 303386071.
  14. Cole Bunzel (February 2016). "The Kingdom and the Caliphate. Duel of the Islamic States". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  15. Alejandra Galindo Marines (2001). The relationship between the ulama and the government in the contemporary Saudi Arabian Kingdom: an interdependent relationship? (PDF) (PhD thesis). Durham University.
  16. Shazia Farhat (2018). Exploring the Perspectives of the Saudi State's Destruction of Holy Sites: Justifications and Motivations (Master of Liberal Arts thesis). Harvard Extension School.
  17. Mamoun Hamza Fandy (1993). State Islam and state violence: The case of Saudi Arabia (PhD thesis). Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. pp. 69–70. ISBN 979-8-208-43297-6. ProQuest 304092255.
  18. Mohamed Zayyan Aljazairi (1968). Diplomatic history of Saudi Arabia, 1903-1960's (MA thesis). The University of Arizona. p. 3. hdl:10150/318068.
  19. Jerald L. Thompson (December 1981). H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine (MA thesis). University of Kansas. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022.
  20. Emine Ö. Evered (2012). "Rereading Ottoman Accounts of Wahhabism as Alternative Narratives: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa's Historical Survey of the Movement". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 32 (3): 622–632. doi:10.1215/1089201X-1891615. S2CID 144063808.
  21. Jacob Goldberg (1986). The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 11-12. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1. ISBN 9780674281844.
  22. Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim (1998). "The Egyptian Empire, 1805-1848". In M. Daly (ed.). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 199. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521472111.009. ISBN 9781139053341.
  23. Mohammed Ameen (March 1981). A Study of Egyptian Rule in Eastern Arabia (1814-1841) (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 33. OCLC 891205897.
  24. Nadav Safran (2018). Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780674789852.
  25. Zamil Muhammad Al Rashid (1980). A Study of Su'udi Relations with Eastern Arabia and 'Uman (1800-1971) (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 184.
  26. Roby C. Barrett (June 2015). "Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy" (Report). Joint Special Operations University. p. 22. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022.
  27. R. Bayly Winder (1965). Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 108. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8. ISBN 9780333055410.
  28. Mashaal Abdullah Turki Al Saud (1982). Permanence and Change: An Analysis of the Islamic Political Culture of Saudi Arabia with Special Reference to the Royal Family (PhD thesis). The Claremont Graduate University. ISBN 979-8-204-29112-6. ProQuest 303215917.
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