Salix caspica

Salix caspica is a plant from the willow genus (Salix) within the willow family (Salicaceae). The natural range extends from eastern European Russia to far western China.

Salix caspica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Salix
Species:
S. caspica
Binomial name
Salix caspica
Synonyms[2]

Taxonomy

Salix caspica is a species from the section Helix in the genus of willows (Salix) within the willow family (Salicaceae).[3][4] It was first published in 1788 by Peter Simon Pallas.[1][5] The specific epithet 'caspica' refers to the distribution area along the Caspian Sea.[6]

The holotype was collected in the Ryn Desert and is housed in the Komarov Botanical Institute in St. Petersburg.[7]

It forms the natural hybrid S. × turgaiskensis E.L.Wolf with S. rosmarinifolia in Kazakhstan.[1][8] It also hybridises with S. siberica, S. tenuijulis and S. viminalis sensu lato.[7]

Infraspecific variation
  • Salix caspica f. longifolia was described by Nils Johan Andersson in the Prodromus, it has leaves up to 12cm in length and 0.4 to 0.6cm broad.[7]
  • Salix caspica f. pruinosa is another form described by Andersson. It is very rare. It has dark purple branches covered in a thick pruinose (waxy) bloom.[7]

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Salix caspica is a large shrub with a height of up to 5 meters. The bark is gray. The bark of the relatively thin branches is yellowish and shiny. The buds are about 5 millimeters long and pointed.[5]

The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 3 to 5 millimeters long and glabrous. With a length of 5 to 8 centimeters and a width of 4 to 5 centimeters, the simple leaf blade is linear-lanceolate or linear with a wedge-shaped base, long, pointed and entire. Both sides of the leaf are the same color, initially slightly tomentose and later glabrous. The caducous stipules are linear.[5]

The number of chromosomes is 2n=38.[9]

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences are long, cylindrical, almost subsessile, terete, densely flowered catkins with deciduous, scale-like leaflets at the base. The inflorescence rachis is tomentose-hairy. The bracts are brownish, pilose-hairy with a blunt tip. Male flowers have two stamens, with their filaments fused to each other and downy-haired at the base, and with yellow anthers. Female flowers have a ovoid-conical, densely tomentose, subsessile ovary. The style is very short, the stigma is capitulate. The fruit is a brownish, pubescent capsule.[5]

Distribution

The natural range extends from the eastern European Russia in the northern Caucausus, Southern Federal District, Volga Federal District and the Ural Federal District,[2] eastwards to Kazakhstan,[2][5] Turkmenistan,[2] and Iran, extending to Dauria, Mongolia[7] and the western part of the Chinese province of Xinjiang.[5]

Ecology

It grows in open forests along rivers in China,[5] elsewhere it grows along rivers in deserts and steppes in loose sandy soil or sand dunes with a high water table, and in mountain valleys up to 2,000 metres in altitude. It is also typically found in blow outs. It requires much light to grow.[7]

Salix caspica blooms before the leaves appear, in Xinjiang from April to May. The fruits ripen in Xinjiang in June.[5] In Russia it also flowers in May and fruits in June.[7]

Uses

Salix caspica is planted to stabilize slopes and sandy soils. Baskets and other wicker articles are woven from the branches.[5] It is considered an excellent species for this purpose, growing straight, thin, pliable stems to 2m or longer in a season. It was also grown as an ornamental plant in the Soviet Union.[7]

References
  1. "Salix caspica". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  2. "Salix caspica Pall". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  3. "Salix caspica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 406511. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
  4. Cheng-fu Fang, Shi-dong Zhao, Alexei K. Skvortsov (1999): Salix Sect. Helix, in the Flora of China, Volume 4, P. 267. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis ISBN 0-915279-70-3
  5. Cheng-fu Fang, Shi-dong Zhao, Alexei K. Skvortsov (1999): Salix caspica, in the Flora of China, Volume 4, P. 272. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis ISBN 0-915279-70-3
  6. Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7, P. 99 (Nachdruck von 1996).
  7. Nazarov, M. I. (1970) [1936]. Komarov, Vladimir Leontyevich (ed.). Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. 5. Translated by Landau, N. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. pp. 123–124.
  8. "Salix × turgaiskensis". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  9. "Salix caspica". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
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