Ruth Sanger

Ruth Ann Sanger FRS[1] (6 June 1918 – 4 June 2001) was an Australian immunogeneticist, haematologist and serologist. She was known for her work on human red cell antigens and for the genetic mapping of the human X chromosome.[2] She was Director of the Medical Research Council Blood Group Unit, of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine from 1973 to 1983.

Ruth Sanger
Ruth Sanger c. 1950
Born
Ruth Ann Sanger

6 June 1918
Southport, Queensland, Australia
Died4 June 2001 (2001-06-05) (aged 82)
Putney, London, England
Alma materSydney University
University of London
Known forHaematology, serology, Fellow of the Royal Society
SpouseRobert Russell Race (1956-1984)
Awards

She worked closely with Robert Russell Race from the 1940s, and they married in 1956. They co-authored many papers after 1948, and co-wrote six editions of a leading work on blood groups, Blood Groups in Man, which helped make blood transfusions safer.[3] The book was known as "Race and Sanger", which were published between 1950 and 1975.[4]

Education and early life

Sanger was born in Southport, Queensland, Australia and had four siblings.[5] Her father, Rev. Hubert Sanger, became headmaster of Armidale School in New South Wales. She was first cousins with Frederick Sanger, the biochemist and two-time winner of the Nobel prize.[6]

She received her early education in New South Wales at three schools: Harleyville Ladies College (1924–1926), New England Girls school, Armidale (1926–1927), and Abbotsleigh Wahrounga (1928–35).[5]

She went on to receive a Bachelor of Science from Sydney University (1940),[7] and earned a PhD from the University of London (1948).[3]

Career

From 1940 to 1946 she worked as a haematologist for the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service in Sydney, Australia.[8] In 1946, she moved to England to work with R.R. Race at the Medical Research Counsil (MRC), Blood Group Unit. While there, she received a doctorate from the University of London in 1948 on the variety of blood group systems. She returned to Australia after receiving her doctorate, but then moved permanently to the United Kingdom in 1950 and remained at the MRC until 1973.

The first edition of Blood Groups in Man was published in August 1950, based on the systematic analysis of blood groups in her PhD thesis.

In 1973, she succeeded R.R. Race as Director of the Medical Research Council's Blood Group Unit at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in London. She retired in 1983.[9]

Honours and awards

Her nomination for the Royal Society reads:[2]

Immunogeneticist and Member of the Scientific Staff of the Medical Research Council's Blood Group Unit at the Lister Institute of Preventivie Medicine in the University of London. Distinguished for her work on human red cell antigens and for the genetic mapping of the human X chromosome.

Personal life

Sanger married Race on April 6, 1956 following the death of Race's first wife.[15]

Death

Sanger died in Putney in 2001 and had no children.

Selected publications
  • Sanger, Ruth A. (1946-10). "The Incomplete Antibody : a Quantitative Aspect". Nature. 158 (4014): 487–487. doi:10.1038/158487a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  • Race, R. R.; Mourant, A. E.; Lawler, Sylvia D.; Sanger, Ruth (1948-06-01). "THE Rh CHROMOSOME FREQUENCIES IN ENGLAND". Blood. 3 (6): 689–695. doi:10.1182/blood.V3.6.689.689. ISSN 0006-4971.
  • Sanger, Ruth (1955-12). "An Association Between the P And Jay Systems of Blood Groups". Nature. 176 (4494): 1163–1164. doi:10.1038/1761163a0. ISSN 1476-4687.

The Robert Race and Ruth Sanger papers are kept at the Wellcome Library. They have been digitised and are available online.

References
  1. Hughes-Jones, N.; Tippett, P. (2003). "Ruth Ann Sanger 6 June 1918 - 4 June 2001". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 49: 461–473. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2003.0027. PMID 14989272.
  2. "Election of Ruth Sanger as Fellow of the Royal Society". Wellcome Library. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  3. "Ruth Sanger, 82, Expert on Blood Grouping". The New York Times. 4 July 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  4. Ruth Sanger archive collection – Wellcome Library finding aid
  5. Hughes-Jones, Nevin; Tippett, Patricia (December 2003). "Ruth Ann Sanger. 6 June 1918 – 4 June 2001". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 49: 461–473. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2003.0027. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 14989272.
  6. Brownlee, George G. (31 December 2015). "Frederick Sanger CBE CH OM. 13 August 1918 — 19 November 2013". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 61: 437–466. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2015.0013. ISSN 0080-4606.
  7. Melbourne, National Foundation for Australian Women and The University of. "Sanger, Ruth Anne - Woman - The Australian Women's Register". www.womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  8. Haines, Catharine M. C.; Stevens, Helen M. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. ABC-CLIO. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1. ruth sanger thesis university of london blood group.
  9. Mollison, P. L. (2004) "Race, Robert Russell (1907–1984)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press.
  10. "1970 Philip Levine Award of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, jointly awarded to Robert Race and Ruth Sanger". Wellcome Library. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  11. "SANGER, Dr Ruth Ann, (Mrs R. R. Race)" in Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008, Oxford University Press.
  12. Ruth Sanger, 82, Expert on Blood Grouping. NY Times obituary, 4 July 2001
  13. "Gairdner Foundation Award jointly awarded to Robert Race and Ruth Sanger". Wellcome Library. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  14. Sanger, Ruth Ann. Encyclopedia of Australian Science
  15. Melbourne, National Foundation for Australian Women and The University of. "Sanger, Ruth Anne - Woman - The Australian Women's Register". www.womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
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