Russian cruiser Rurik (1906)

Profile and plan drawing of Rurik in her original configuration

Rurik was 149.4 m (490 ft 2 in) long between perpendiculars, 157.6 m (517 ft 1 in) long at the waterline, and 161.23 m (529 ft) long overall. She had a beam of 22.86 m (75 ft) and a draft of 7.92 m (26 ft) and displaced 15,190 long tons (15,430 t). Her hull featured a long forecastle deck that extended to her main mast and incorporated a pronounced ram bow. Her superstructure was minimal, consisting primarily of her main conning tower forward with a command bridge and a smaller, secondary conning tower aft.[3][5]

She was completed with just the pole main mast that was placed just ahead of the rear conning tower, but around the time she entered service in 1909, a pole fore mast was installed atop her forward conning tower as well. By 1917, the fore mast had been replaced with a sturdier tripod mast to support a spotting top to help the direction of her armament. Steering was controlled by a single rudder. Her crew numbered 26 officers and 910 enlisted men.[3][5]

The ship's propulsion system consisted of two vertical triple-expansion steam engines that drove a pair of screw propellers. Steam was provided by twenty-eight coal-fired Belleville type water-tube boilers, which were vented through three funnels located amidships. The power plant was rated to produce 19,700 indicated horsepower (14,700 kW) for a top speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). Coal storage amounted to 1,920 long tons (1,950 t).[3][4] While steaming at a more economical 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), Rurik could cruise for 6,100 nautical miles (11,300 km; 7,000 mi).[5]

Rurik's forward main battery turret; two of her secondary turrets are visible to either side

Rurik's main battery consisted of four 254 mm (10 in) 50-caliber (cal.) guns in a pair of twin gun turrets, mounted fore and aft on the centerline.[3] These guns and their turrets were designed by Vickers specifically for Rurik. The turrets were oval-shaped and sat atop a working chamber that handled shells and propellant charges brought up from the magazines below. One set of hoists brought the munitions up to the working chambers from their magazines, and another set transferred them up to the turrets.[6] In addition to the split hoist arrangement, anti-flash precautions included a sprinkler system in the magazines and provisions to quickly flood them in the event of a serious fire.[4] The guns fired 225.2 kg (496 lb) armor piercing (AP) or high explosive (HE) shells at a muzzle velocity of 899 m/s (2,950 ft/s). At their maximum elevation of 21 degrees, the guns had a range of 22,224 m (24,304 yd) for the AP round and 18,520 m (20,250 yd) for the HE variant. The guns had to be returned to between −5 and 8 degrees of elevation to be reloaded.[6] The guns had a rate of fire of two shots per minute.[7]

Her main battery was supported by a secondary battery of eight 203 mm 50 cal. Pattern 1905 guns in four twin turrets, which were placed on the corners of the superstructure, two turrets per broadside.[5] These were also Vickers designs, though they had been used on a number of earlier Russian pre-dreadnought battleships. They fired a 139.2 kg (307 lb) semi-armor-piercing (SAP) shell at a muzzle velocity of 792.5 m/s (2,600 ft/s). At the elevation of 15 degrees, they could hit targets out to 15,729 m (17,201 yd); the turrets allowed elevation from −5 to 25 degrees, but range figures at maximum elevation are unknown. The turrets were broadly similar to the 254 mm guns, but the guns could be reloaded at any angle of elevation.[8] The guns could fire three shells per minute.[7]

For defense against torpedo boats, the ship carried a tertiary battery of twenty 120 mm 50 cal. guns carried individually in casemates. Sixteen were located in the forecastle deck, clustered around the superstructure, while the remaining four were located in the stern.[5] They fired a 28.97 kg (63.9 lb) SAP shell at a velocity of 792.5 m/s, and at an elevation of 19.5 degrees, had a range of 13,718 m (15,002 yd).[9] Their rate of fire was eight rounds per minute.[7] Four 47 mm (1.9 in) 43 cal. Hotchkiss guns rounded out the armament. She was also armed with a pair of 457 mm (18 in) torpedo tubes.[3][5] The M1908 torpedo carried a 95 kg (209 lb) warhead and had a range of 1,000 m (1,100 yd) at a speed of 38 knots (70 km/h; 44 mph); the range doubled when they were set to 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph). These were later replaced with M1912 variants, which increased the warhead to 100 kg (220 lb). Their performance increased considerably, reaching 2,000 m (2,200 yd) at a speed of 43 knots (80 km/h; 49 mph) and 5,000 m (5,500 yd) at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph).[10]

The ship was protected with Krupp cemented armor plate. Her armor belt covered the side of the hull from 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) above the waterline and 1.5 m (5 ft) below. The main section of belt, between the barbettes for the 254 mm guns, was 152 mm (6 in) thick, tapering to 138 mm (5 in) at the top edge and 104 mm (4 in) at the bottom. Forward of the main section, the belt was reduced to 102 mm with a 76 mm (3 in) bottom edge, while aft, the belt was a uniform thickness of 76 mm. The aft section did not extend all the way to the sternpost, instead terminating at a 76 mm transverse bulkhead. Above the belt, a strake of armor that was 76 mm thick covered the tertiary casemates. There were three armored decks; the lower deck was 25 mm (1 in) thick, with sloped sides that were 38 mm (1.5 in) and connected to the bottom edge of the belt. The main deck was also 38 mm thick, and above that, the roof of the casemate battery was 25 mm.[3]

Rurik's conning tower had 203 mm of armor plate on the sides. Her main battery turrets consisted of 203 mm on the front and sides and sloped 64 mm (2.5 in) roofs, and they were supported by 180 mm (7 in) barbettes that extended down to the ammunition magazines. Behind the belt, the barbettes reduced in thickness to 50 to 115 mm (2.0 to 4.5 in). The secondary turrets received slightly lighter protection, with 180 mm sides and faces and 50 mm roofs. Their barbettes were 152 mm thick above the belt and 38–76 mm below. Underwater protection consisted of a torpedo bulkhead that was 38 mm thick, set back about 3.4 m (11 ft) from the side of the ship. It covered the ship's citadel.[3]

At the start of World War I in July 1914, Russia had not yet completed its Borodino-class battlecruisers or Gangut-class dreadnought battleships, leaving Rurik and the Bayan-class cruisers as the core of the Baltic Fleet. These ships bore the burden of naval operations against the significantly more powerful Imperial German Navy in the Baltic.[13] At the time, Rurik served as the flagship of Admiral Nikolai Ottovich von Essen, the commander of Russian naval forces in the Baltic.[14] Rurik's commander was initially Captain Mikhail Bakhirev.[15] He sortied with Rurik and the armored cruiser Pallada on 27 August to make a sweep into the western Baltic in the vicinity of Bornholm, Denmark, and Danzig, Germany. They failed to locate any enemy vessels, however. The operation bolstered the morale of the Baltic Fleet, but Tsar Nicholas II refused to grant Essen the freedom of maneuver he sought to force action with the German fleet.[14] The Russians nevertheless won a major intelligence victory that month when the German cruiser SMS Magdeburg ran aground in Russian territory and they were able to recover German code books, allowing the Russian Navy to decrypt German wireless signals.[16]

Illustration of Rurik firing her secondary and tertiary guns

In November, Rurik was modified to serve as a fast minelayer with provisions to carry naval mines. She carried out her first operation on 14 December under the command of Admiral Ludvig Kerber, in company with the cruisers Admiral Makarov and Bayan, while another pair of cruisers covered another minelayer further north. Rurik laid a field of 120 mines off the German port at Danzig during the operation. On 12 January 1915, Rurik sortied for another minelaying operation, this time part of the escort force with Bayan and Admiral Makarov. Over the following two days, three other cruisers laid a series of minefields off the island of Rügen; this was the furthest west the Russian fleet penetrated during the war. This minefield later damaged the German cruisers Augsburg and Gazelle, the latter beyond the point of repair.[17][18]

Rurik escorted a group of minelayers sent to lay another field off Danzig on 13 February 1915, ran aground east of Gotland, Sweden and was seriously damaged, forcing the Russians to cancel the operation. Despite taking on 2,400 long tons (2,439 t) of water, with half of her boiler rooms flooded, she was able to free herself and return to Reval under her own power. She was subsequently repaired at Cronstadt. Rurik was out of action for 89 days. Heavy ice in the Baltic curtailed further operations. By that time, the Ganguts had entered service, and the fleet was reorganized. Rurik was assigned to Group 5, along with Bayan and Admiral Makarov, part of the 1st Cruiser Brigade. The cruisers continued to carry out most of the offensive operations, as the new dreadnoughts were considered too valuable to risk. They were instead used as a fleet in being and to guard the Gulf of Finland.[17][19][20]

In late June, the Russian naval command planned a bombardment operation to support the garrison at Windau (in what is now Latvia) during a German attack on the port. Initial plans called for an attack on the city of Rostock, well behind German lines, in part to demonstrate the strength of the Russian fleet, but Vice Admiral Vasily Kanin, who had replaced Essen as the fleet commander, refused to grant permission to send Rurik that far into enemy territory. The target of the operation was therefore changed to Memel. Bakhirev, by now promoted to rear admiral, led the bombardment force, the composition of which is unclear.[21] According to Paul Halpern, it consisted of the cruisers Admiral Makarov, Bayan, Bogatyr, and Oleg, while Rurik and the destroyer Novik covered them and a group of submarines screened ahead.[22] But Gary Staff indicates that Rurik, Oleg, and Bogatyr were to conduct the bombardment while Admiral Makarov and Bayan covered them.[23] The ships departed port shortly after midnight on 1 July. Heavy fog forced Bakhirev to cancel the bombardment since they could no longer reliably locate Memel and his cruisers became separated from Rurik and Novik.[22][24]

Map of German (blue) and Russian (red) movements during the action

Bakhirev planned to make another attempt the next morning, but he learned by way of decrypted intercepts from German wireless signals of a minelaying operation on the 1st while en route to Riga and decided to try to intercept the vessels instead. He took the four cruisers from the bombardment group, and guided by wireless intercepts, steamed west to ambush the German flotilla that consisted of an armored cruiser, two light cruisers, a minelayer, and seven destroyers. The two sides made contact at around 06:30. In the ensuing Battle of Åland Islands, the Germans turned to flee while the Russian cruisers concentrated on the minelayer SMS Albatross, forcing it ashore.[25][26]

As he began the engagement, Bakhirev ordered Rurik to reinforce him, and at 09:45, she arrived in the vicinity but found no friendly or enemy vessels. The ship's commander, Captain A. M. Pyshnov, turned his ship north in an attempt to locate Bakhirev's ships, and shortly thereafter, she encountered the German light cruiser SMS Lübeck. The two ships quickly opened fire, and while Rurik was significantly more powerful than her opponent, she failed to score any hits, while receiving ten herself. One started a fire on Rurik's forecastle and a near miss caused a large splash that damaged her forward rangefinder. The German 10.5 cm (4.1 in) shells were not powerful enough to penetrate her armor, but they nevertheless temporarily disabled one of her main battery turrets when fumes from an explosion threatened to poison its crew.[27]

The German armored cruiser SMS Roon then intervened and ordered Lübeck to disengage, and at 10:04, Rurik ceased fire at the light cruiser. The Russian cruiser then turned to engage Roon, which had by that time been joined by the light cruiser Augsburg, opening fire at a range of 15,000 to 16,000 m (16,000 to 17,000 yd). She concentrated most of her fire on Roon, but again failed to score any hits. She received another hit, which struck the rear conning tower and damaged the surrounding superstructure. The German commander decided to attempt to disengage, using the poor visibility to cover his escape; at around the same time, Russian lookouts spotted what they mistakenly believed to be a U-boat. The threat of a submarine attack led Rurik to disengage, which gave the Germans enough time to make good their escape.[28][29]

On 11 November, Rurik was sent on another minelaying operation to sow a field of 560 mines off the Swedish island of Gotland. Another such mission on 6 December, laying a further 700 mines in the same area. As a result of the Russian mining effort and Allied submarine attacks, the Germans concluded that they could no longer safely operate capital ships in the Baltic.[30] Starting in June 1916, Rurik was sent on several sweeps into the Baltic to search for German merchant shipping, but she only found and sank one vessel during these patrols. While on patrol off the island of Hogland, Russia, on 7 November, she struck a mine and was badly damaged. She remained under repair until April 1917; during this period, her foremast was replaced with the tripod version.[31]

The Russian Revolution began in March 1917 and culminated in the October Revolution in November,[lower-alpha 2] which saw the Bolsheviks take power in Russia. The government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that ended Russia's participation in the conflict. As part of the treaty, Russia granted Finland independence, which forced the fleet to abandon its principal base at Helsingfors and return to Kronstadt. Rurik was reduced to reserve at Kronstadt in October 1918, and she lay there for the next three years. Initially listed for long-term preservation on 21 May 1921, she was disarmed and useful systems were removed to be preserved ashore. By late 1923, she was in poor condition, and the decision was made to break her up. She was struck from the naval register on 1 November and taken to Petrograd, where she was dismantled over the course of 1924–1925. Her 203 mm guns were later used as coastal artillery batteries.[32]