Casuarina cunninghamiana

Casuarina cunninghamiana is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 15–35 m (49–115 ft), has a DBH of 0.5–1.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 11 in). Its bark is finely fissured, scaly and greyish brown. The branchlets are often drooping, 100–250 mm (3.9–9.8 in) long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth 0.3–0.5 mm (0.012–0.020 in) long, arranged in whorls of 6 to 10 around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long and 0.4–0.7 mm (0.016–0.028 in) wide. The flowers on male trees are arranged in spikes 4–40 mm (0.16–1.57 in) long, the anthers 0.4–0.7 mm (0.016–0.028 in) long. The female cones are on a peduncle 2–9 mm (0.079–0.354 in) long and sparsely covered with soft hairs. Mature cones are usually 7–14 mm (0.28–0.55 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) in diameter, the samaras 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long.[2][3][4]

Casuarina cunninghamiana was first formally described in 1848 by Friedrich Miquel in his book Revisio critica Casuarinarum from specimens collected by Allan Cunningham near Moreton Bay.[5] The specific epithet (cunninghamiana) honours the collector of the type specimens.[3]

In 1989, Lawrie Johnson and Alex George described subsp. miodon in the Flora of Australia, and the name, and that of the autonym are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

• Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. subsp. cunninghamiana[6] is a tree to 15–35 m (49–115 ft), the articles 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long with 8 to 10 teeth.[7][8]
• Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. miodon L.A.S.Johnson[9] is a tree to 20 m (66 ft), the articles 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long with 6 or 7 teeth.[10]

This casuarina mainly grows in pure stands in open forest on the banks of freshwater rivers and streams in Australia and New Guinea.[3][11][12]

Subspecies cunninghamiana occurs from Laura, Chillagoe and Augathella in Queensland to Condobolin and Narrandera in New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory.[2][3][8] Subspecies miodon occurs between the Daly River in the north of the Northern Territory to the Gulf of Carpentaria in Queensland.[10][13]

River oak is widely recognised as an important tree for stabilising riverbanks and for soil erosion prevention accepting wet and dry soils. The foliage is quite palatable to stock.[3]

Casuarina cunninghamiana is an invasive species in the Everglades in Florida[14] and in South Africa.[15]