Chiastic structure

When read left to right, top to bottom, the first topic (A) is reiterated as the last, and the middle concept (B) appears twice in succession. (Also, the middle concept could appear just once.)

The term chiastic derives from the mid-17th century term chiasmus, which refers to a crosswise arrangement of concepts or words that are repeated in reverse order. Chiasmus derives from the Greek word khiasmos, a word that is khiazein, marked with the letter khi. From khi comes chi.[4]

Chi is made up of two lines crossing each other as in the shape of an X. The line that starts leftmost on top, comes down, and is rightmost on the bottom, and vice versa. If one thinks of the lines as concepts, one sees that concept A, which comes first, is also last, and concept B, which comes after A, comes before A. If one adds in more lines representing other concepts, one gets a chiastic structure with more concepts.[lower-alpha 1][6]

Oral literature is especially rich in chiastic structure, possibly as an aid to memorization and oral performance. In Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, for instance, Cedric Whitman finds chiastic patterns "of the most amazing virtuosity" that simultaneously perform both aesthetic and mnemonic functions, permitting the oral poet easily to recall the basic structure of the composition during performances.[7] Steve Reece has demonstrated several ambitious ring compositions in Homer's Odyssey and compared their aesthetic and mnemonic functions with those of several South Slavic songs.[8]

Chiasms in the Hebrew Bible include, but are not limited to, the following examples:

• Genesis 6:10–9:18a (including a numerical mini-chiasm)[9][10]
• Genesis 17:1–25[11]
• Genesis 32:1–31 (including a name-changing mini-chiasm)[12][13]
• Genesis 37:3–11[11][13]
• Genesis 37:12–36[13]
• Genesis 38:1–30[13]
• Genesis 39:1–23[13]
• Genesis 40:1–23[13]
• Genesis 41:1–57[13]
• Genesis 42:1–38[13]

Form critic Nils Lund acknowledged Jewish and classical patterns of writing in the Christian Testament, including the use of chiastic structures throughout.[15]

Chiastic structure is found throughout the Book of Mormon, for example in Mosiah 5:8–9:[16]^: 171

While there are many examples of chiastic structure in the Quran, perhaps the most well known is in the 'Verse of the Throne' or 'Ayat al-Kursi'. The verse contains 9 sentences which exhibit chiasmus, but perhaps more interesting is that it is found in the longest chapter of the Quran, Al-Baqara, which itself contains a fractal chiastic structure in its 286 verses, i.e. where each (outer) chiasm is composed of (inner) chiastic structures reflected in some sense in the analogue outer chiasm. One such analysis of the chapter is shown below (from;[17] alternate and/or more detail analyses can be found in,[18][19][20]).

• Arch form
• Antimetabole
• Chiasmus
• ABACABA pattern

• Garrett, Duane A. (1993). Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of songs. The New American Commentary, v. 14. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman Press. ISBN 978-0-8054-0114-1. OCLC 27895425.
• Niles, John D. (1979). "Ring Composition and the Structure of Beowulf". PMLA. 94 (5): 924–35. doi:10.2307/461974. JSTOR 461974. S2CID 163316481.
• Ostrowski, Donald (2006). "The Account of Volodimer's Conversion in the "Povest' vremennykh let": A Chiasmus of Stories". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 28 (1–4): 567–580.
• Shea, William H. (1986). "The Prophecy of Daniel 9:24-27". In Holbrook, Frank (ed.). The Seventy Weeks, Leviticus, and the Nature of Prophecy. Daniel and Revelation Committee Series. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. OCLC 14279279.

• Breck, John (1994). The Shape of Biblical Language: Chiasmus in the Scriptures and Beyond. Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-8814-1139-3. OCLC 30893460.
• Dorsey, David A. (1999), The Literary Structure of the Old Testament: A Commentary on Genesis-Malachi, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, ISBN 978-0801021879, OCLC 42002627
• Douglas, Mary (2007). Thinking in Circles: an essay on ring composition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16785-6.
• Ehrman, Bart D. (1993), The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: the effect of early Christological controversies on the text of the New Testament, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195080780, OCLC 26354078
• Lund, Nils Wilhelm (1942), Chiasmus in the New Testament, a study in Formgeschichte, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, OCLC 2516087
• Martin, Gary D. (2004), Ring Composition and Related Phenomena in Herodotus (PDF)
• McCoy, Brad (Fall 2003), "Chiasmus: An Important Structural Device Commonly Found in Biblical Literature" (PDF), CTS Journal, 9 (2): 18–34, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-22, retrieved 2014-06-18
• Parry, Donald W. (2007) [1998], Poetic Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon (PDF) (Revised ed.), Provo, Utah: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, ISBN 978-0-934893-36-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14, retrieved 2014-06-18
• Prewitt, Terry J. (1990), The Elusive Covenant: A Structural-Semiotic Reading of Genesis, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0253345998, OCLC 20827915
• Ramirez, Matthew Eric (January 2011). "Descanting on Deformity: The Irregularities in Shakespeare's Large Chiasms". Text and Performance Quarterly. 31 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1080/10462937.2010.526240. S2CID 170466856.
• Welch, John W. (1995), "Criteria for Identifying and Evaluating the Presence of Chiasmus", Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, 4 (2): 1–14, doi:10.2307/44758936, JSTOR 44758936, S2CID 55801823, archived from the original on 2015-10-13, retrieved 2014-06-18
• Welch, John W. (1999) [1981], Chiasmus in antiquity: structures, analyses, exegesis, Provo, Utah: Research Press, ISBN 978-0934893336, OCLC 40126818