Rikidōzan

Mitsuhiro Momota (Japanese: 百田 光浩) (born Kim Sin-rak; Korean: 김신락; November 14, 1924[1] – December 15, 1963), better known as Rikidōzan (力道山), was a Korean-born Japanese wrestler who competed in sumo and professional wrestling. He was known as The Father of Puroresu, and one of the most influential persons in professional wrestling history. Initially, he had moved from his native country Korea to Japan to become a rikishi (sumo wrestler). He was credited with bringing the sport of professional wrestling to Japan at a time when the Japanese needed a local hero to emulate and was lauded as a national hero. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2017, becoming the first Korean inductee and the third puroresu star to be inducted after Antonio Inoki and Tatsumi Fujinami. He was killed in a street fight with a member of the Sumiyoshi-ikka in 1963.

For the film, see Rikidōzan (film).
Rikidōzan
Rikidōzan with the Japanese Heavyweight Championship belt, 1954
Birth nameKim Sin-rak (김신락)
BornNovember 14, 1924
Hongwon County, Kankyō-nan Prefecture, Korea
(now Hongwon, South Hamgyong, North Korea)
DiedDecember 15, 1963(1963-12-15) (aged 39)
Minato, Tokyo, Japan
Cause of deathPeritonitis, consequently resulting from manslaughter
Professional wrestling career
Ring name(s)Rikidōzan
Mitsuhiro Momota
Billed height1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Billed weight110 kg (243 lb)
Billed fromNagasaki
Trained byHarold Sakata
Bobby Bruns
DebutOctober 28, 1951
Rikidōzan Mitsuhiro
力道山 光浩
Personal information
Height1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Weight116 kg (256 lb; 18 st 4 lb)
Career
StableNishonoseki
Record135–82–15
DebutMay 1940
Highest rankSekiwake (May 1949)
RetiredSeptember 1950
Championships1 (Makushita)
1 (Sandanme)
Special PrizesOutstanding Performance (1)
Gold Stars2 (Azumafuji)
* Up to date as of May 2013.
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Biography

Early years

Momota, who was born Kim Sin-rak, was born in Kankyō-nan, Chōsen (now South Hamgyong, North Korea), on November 14, 1924. He was the youngest son of Kim Sok-tee, the owner of a Korean farm with a Confucian tradition, and his wife Chon Gi. He tended his father whilst he had suffered from ill health, whilst his mother and older brothers tended to the farm. Kim participated in ssireum in his youth, and, after placing third in a local competition, spoke to Minosuke Momota,[2] the father-in-law of a Japanese man from Omura who had moved to Korea to become a policeman. Momota was interested in sumo and supported the Nishonoseki stable. He had recruited several Korean boys for the stable, and persuaded him to join as well. However, his family refused to let him go to Japan, due to his responsibility to care for his father. However, after Kim Sok-tee's death in 1939,[3][4][5] Sin-rak left for Japan the following year over his mother's objections.[2]

Sumo career and retirement (1940–1951)
Rikidōzan in 1949, in traditional sumo keshō-mawashi

Joining the Nishonoseki stable, Kim debuted in June 1940. At first, his Korean origins were indicated on sumo ranking sheets, and he received harassment and racial discrimination for this.[2] However, he was adopted by Momota and took the name Mitsuhiro Momota, and a story was fabricated that he had been born in Omura, Nagasaki.[2] Despite this, he did not attain Japanese citizenship until 1951.[6] He was given the shikona of Rikidōzan Mitsuhiro (力道山 光浩, Hepburn: Rikidouzan Mitsuhiro). He reached the top makuuchi division in 1946 and was runner-up to yokozuna Haguroyama in the tournament of June 1947, losing a playoff for the championship. He fought in 23 tournaments in total, with a win–loss record of 135–82. His highest rank was sekiwake,[7] though he was reportedly close to a promotion to ōzeki before his retirement.[2]

Several reasons have been given for his retirement. The amount of success he had earned despite his humble beginnings was a source of envy amongst his seniors in Nishonoseki. Racial discrimination may have also been a factor,[8] but the impetus for his retirement came due to a financial dispute with stable-master Tamanoumi Daitarō.[2] Rikidozan felt that his substantial contributions to the stable made him worthy of major financial support, but Tamanoumi considered him selfish, and he was refused after a heated argument. While the public explanation for his retirement claimed that he suffered from paragonimiasis, the truth was that on September 10, 1950, soon after the argument with Tamanoumi, Momota "impulsively" cut his own chonmage top knot.[2]

After his retirement, Momota initially worked alongside Americans as a black marketeer. His business came through purchasing the belongings of US soldiers departing for service in Korea, and selling these goods to the Japanese.[2] He eventually left this job, and after a petition to return to sumo was rejected, he was given work as a construction supervisor by his former patron Shinsaku Nitta.[2] Nitta had worked in a Tokyo prisoner-of-war camp during World War II, and had secretly provided American prisoners with food and cigarettes; to repay him for his kindness, former prisoners who went on to work at the GHQ gave his construction company preferential treatment when contracting reconstruction work.[2] Nitta also had ties to the criminal underworld, and had been deeply involved with sumo in this manner.[2][nb 1]

Debut, American excursion, and megastardom (1951–1958)

In July 1951, the Tokyo-based Torii Oasis Shriners Club announced their intent to sponsor a charity drive for disabled children, for which they would arrange a professional wrestling tour.[2] These events would be promoted by Honolulu businessman Moe Lipton. Around this time, Rikidōzan reportedly expressed interest in becoming a professional wrestler.[2] In September, wrestling promoter Al Karasick of Honolulu-based Mid-Pacific Promotions announced that he, alongside Joe Malcewicz of NWA San Francisco, had secured a deal with Lipton. Karasick and Malcewisz would send six wrestlers for a twelve-date tour, held from September 30 to December 11.[2][nb 2] These wrestlers included Harold Sakata and Mid-Pacific booker Bobby Bruns. While Bruns was in Japan before the tour began, he invited Rikidozan, as well as judoka Kokichi Endo and Yasuyuki Sakabe, to participate in these events.[2] After one month of training, Rikidozan made his professional wrestling debut at Ryogoku Memorial Hall on October 28, 1951, wrestling Bruns to a ten-minute time-limit draw. He would continue to work on the rest of the tour, although he would later comment that he had done so with great difficulty, as he lacked the stamina required of wrestlers.[2]

Rikidōzan left Japan in February 1952 to work in America for further training and experience. This began with a five-month stint for Mid-Pacific Promotions, where he was trained by Oki Shikina.[2]

Rikidōzan's breakout performances were with partner and famous judoka Masahiko Kimura in matches against the Canadian Sharpe Brothers in 1954, coinciding with increased television viewership in Japan. He continued to establish himself as Japan's biggest wrestling star by defeating foreign wrestlers, becoming a major television star in the process.[9][10] This was shortly after World War II, and the Japanese needed someone who could stand up to the Americans. Rikidōzan thus became immensely popular in Japan. His American opponents assisted him by portraying themselves as villains who cheated in their matches. Rikidōzan himself was booked as a villain when he wrestled in America early on but went on to become one of the first Japanese wrestlers to be cheered as a babyface in post World War II America.

NWA International Heavyweight Champion (1958–1963)

Rikidōzan gained worldwide renown when he defeated Lou Thesz for the NWA International Heavyweight Championship on August 27, 1958, in Japan. In another match, Thesz willingly agreed to put over Rikidōzan at the expense of his own reputation. This built up mutual respect between the two wrestlers, and Rikidōzan never forgot what Thesz did. He would go on to capture several NWA titles in matches both in Japan and overseas. Rikidōzan also trained professional wrestling students, notably including Kanji "Antonio" Inoki, Kintarō Ōki, and Shohei "Giant" Baba.

His signature move was the karate chop, which was actually based on sumo's harite, rather than actual karate. Rikidozan had likely conceived the move while being with a Korean-born karateka, Hideo Nakamura, who was one of Rikidozan's dearest friends.[11] It was rumored that he had been coached by fellow Korean Masutatsu Oyama.

He established the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance (JWA), Japan's first professional wrestling promotion, in 1953. His first major feud was against Masahiko Kimura, the famous judoka who had been invited by Momota to compete as a professional wrestler. Other famous feuds included those against Thesz in 1957–58, against "Classy" Freddie Blassie in 1962, and against Dick "The Destroyer" Beyer in 1963. In wrestling journalist John M. Molinaro's 2002 book Top 100 Pro Wrestlers of All Time, it is noted that two of his matches are rated in the top ten television programs of all time in Japan.[12] His October 6, 1957 hour-long draw with Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship drew an 87.0 rating, and his May 24, 1963 hour-long two out of three falls draw with The Destroyer drew a 67.0 rating, but a larger viewing audience (the largest in Japanese history) than the previous match, since more people had television sets by 1963.

Personal life
Rikidōzan's expensive apartment in Japan, called "the Riki Mansion", as it existed in 2007

With his success in pro wrestling, Momota began a side-career as a businessman, acquiring properties such as nightclubs, hotels, condominiums and boxing promotions. Rikidōzan's luxurious apartment, known as Riki Mansion, is located in Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo and is recognizable for the large "R" printed on the side of the building. Rikidōzan also owned a 9-storey "Riki Sports Palace" in Shibuya, which included a bowling alley, a pool room, a bar known as "Club Riki", and a restaurant known as "Riki Restaurant". Shortly before his death, Rikidōzan had purchased land in Lake Sagami and had begun work on a large scale golf course to be known as "Lakeside Country Club", set to feature facilities such as a shooting range, indoor skate rink, hotel, and more along the shore of Sagami Lake. However, it remained incomplete due to his death and was eventually sold and became Sagami Lake Resort, a hotel.

Rikidōzan was known to have many girlfriends throughout his lifetime and was often known to see numerous women at the same time. He married his wife, Keiko Tanaka shortly before his death. A 1984 article in weekly Playboy drew much attention after it revealed Rikidōzan was actually from Korea and had been married and had children before he met Tanaka, considered to be taboo in Japan.[13]

After his wrestling matches, he would often immediately go to Riki Sports Palace and start drinking without cleaning up any wounds. He was known to joke with bar staff and say "work was awful today" while either being covered in blood or having a large scar on his face.[13]

According to "Why did Masahiko Kimura not kill Rikidozan?", Rikidozan had a friendship with Hideo Nakamura, who was also from the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is said that Rikidozan adored Nakamura and called him "Hyung Nim (형님)", which means his older brother in Korean.[11]

Rikidōzan spent his spare time hunting and was said to own several legitimate hunting guns at the time of his death. His autobiography also claimed that Rikidozan made his wife carry a handgun wherever she went. He would also play shogi with professional player Kusama Matsuji.[13]

After Rikidōzan's death, actor Ikuro Otsuji also lived in Riki Mansion in his later years.

After his death, his son, Mitsuo Momota said that while Rikidōzan owned a lot of property and real estate, he also had a lot of debt, and the inheritance tax on his estate was upwards of ¥20 million ($180,000 USD), equivalent to ¥96.9 million ($665,000 USD) as of 2023, due to Rikidōzan owing millions of yen in unpaid taxes.[14]

Due to the notoriety he gained from his wrestling career, Rikidōzan was a huge celebrity in Japan and was frequently discussed in tabloids and magazines. Despite his image of a national hero, he had a reputation for being a troublemaker, especially in the later years of his career. Due to his deteriorating physical health, Rikidōzan began to abuse painkillers in the early 1960s and would take stimulants before and after his matches.

When Rikidōzan was in a good mood, he would leave bar staff a tip of as much as ¥10,000, but when he was in a bad mood, bar fights and violence were an almost daily event.[15][16] Rikidōzan's reputation for being a heavy drinker also aroused suspicion surrounding the legitimacy of pro wrestling, as he would "fight" opponents and then be seen drinking and socialising with them just hours later.[17] At one point, Rikidōzan was in a bar with Roberto Barbon, a Cuban baseball player for the Hankyu Braves, who had been drinking and started heckling Rikidōzan, calling professional wrestling fake. Rikidōzan became hostile, threatening violence and demanding an apology, which Barbon agreed to.

Death
Main article: Murder of Rikidōzan
Rikidōzan entered Sannoh Hospital after being stabbed
Newspaper photo of Katsushi Murata that appeared after he had stabbed Rikidōzan

On December 8, 1963, Rikidōzan was stabbed once by Katsushi Murata, a member of the ninkyō dantai Sumiyoshi-ikka, a yakuza organization, after an altercation in a nightclub. Rikidōzan alleged that Murata stepped on his shoe, and demanded an apology. Murata refused and the two began to argue which eventually led to Rikidōzan punching Murata in the face, knocking him against a wall. Rikidōzan then mounted Murata and continued to punch him on the ground until Murata stabbed Rikidōzan once in the abdomen. Both immediately fled the scene and Rikidōzan was taken to Sannoh Hospital, where a doctor decreed the wound to be non-serious but advised Rikidōzan to have surgery. The surgery was successful and he returned home, but went against doctor's orders and began eating and drinking the same day, sending his assistant to the store for sushi and sake. Due to drinking so much, Rikidōzan worsened his condition and required a second surgery one week later, but had developed peritonitis and died at approximately 9:50pm on December 15, 1963. He was 39 years old.[18][19][20]

Rikidōzan's funeral was held on December 20, 1963, in Ikegami Honmonji Temple in Ōta, Tokyo.[21][22] Among those in attendance were Rikidōzan's students, Antonio Inoki, Giant Baba, and Kintarō Ōki as well as various other opponents from throughout his career.

Katsushi Murata was later found guilty of manslaughter in October 1964 and served eight years in prison before being released in 1972. Murata visited the grave of Rikidōzan every year on December 15 following his release. He also called the sons of Rikidōzan and apologised yearly. In the years following his release, Murata became a high-ranking member of the Yakuza.[18][19][20][23] Murata died on April 9, 2013, from natural causes.[24]

Family

One of his sons, Mitsuo, followed his father into the ring in 1970 and retired in 2021 at 73, but was never able to earn the recognition that once made his father famous, despite winning the World Junior Heavyweight Championship in 1989. Mitsuo's son, Chikara Momota, made his in-ring debut on December 16, 2013, the day after the fiftieth anniversary of the death of his grandfather.[25] Rikidōzan's other son, Yoshihiro Momota, was also a pro wrestler.

Rikidōzan's son-in-law, Bak Myeong-cheol (박명철), has been a member of the National Defence Commission of North Korea since around early 2009, while Bak Myeong-cheol's younger sister is the vice secretary of the Light Industry Division of the Workers' Party of Korea.[26][27]

Championships and accomplishments

Sumo top division record
  • Only two tournaments were held through most of the 1940s and only one was held in 1946.
Rikidōzan Mitsuhiro[7]
- Spring
Haru basho, Tokyo		 Summer
Natsu basho, Tokyo		 Autumn
Aki basho, Tokyo
1946 Not held Not held West Maegashira #17
9–4
 
1947 Not held East Maegashira #8
9–1–P
 		 East Maegashira #3
6–5
 
1948 Not held East Maegashira #2
8–3
O★		 East Komusubi
6–5
 
1949 West Komusubi
8–5
 		 West Sekiwake
3–12
 		 West Maegashira #2
8–7
★
1950 West Komusubi
10–5
 		 West Sekiwake
8–7
 		 West Sekiwake
Retired
0–0
Record given as win-loss-absent    Top Division Champion Top Division Runner-up Retired Lower Divisions

Sanshō key: F=Fighting spirit; O=Outstanding performance; T=Technique     Also shown: ★=Kinboshi; P=Playoff(s)
Divisions: Makuuchi — Jūryō — Makushita — Sandanme — Jonidan — Jonokuchi

Makuuchi ranks: Yokozuna — Ōzeki — Sekiwake — Komusubi — Maegashira

Legacy
Rikidōzan's gravesite in Honmonji Temple, which features a life size bust.

Rikidōzan posthumously became one of the first members of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 and he was posthumously inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 2006, as well as the "Legacy Wing" of the WWE Hall of Fame for the 2017 class. In 2002, Rikidōzan was named the 3rd greatest pro wrestler of all time behind Ric Flair and rival Lou Thesz in the magazine article 100 Wrestlers of All Time by John Molinaro, edited by Dave Meltzer and Jeff Marek.[31]

Rikidōzan on a Japanese movie poster for the 1955 film Rikidōzan monogatari dotō no otoko.

Rikidōzan appeared in 29 films, including お月様には悪いけど Otsukisama ni wa warui kedo (1954, as himself), やがて青空 Yagate aozora (1955, as himself), and 力道山物語 怒濤の男 Rikidōzan monogatari dotō no otoko (1955 as himself).[32]

See also

Notes
  1. Organizers of sumo events had to give notice to and ask permission of dominant figures, often criminals, before running provincial tours, or they risked their events being obstructed. These figures, of which Nitta was one, also took substantial cuts of the box office for these events. This tradition would carry over into the early professional wrestling business in Japan.[2]
  2. Later events on this tour would also feature some of Joe Louis' final exhibition fights.[2]

References
  1. North Korean claim
  2. Yamaguchi, Miyamoto & Teal 2019.
  3. "［戦前戦後を駆け抜けた一人の朝鮮人］‐《力道山年表《プロレス《格闘技".
  4. "［幼少・少年時代］‐《力道山年表《プロレス《格闘技".
  5. "第四話 プロレスの殿堂・リキパレス（１）". www.interq.or.jp. Archived from the original on 2007-03-22.
  6. Igarashi 2000, p. 125.
  7. "Rikidozan Mitsuhiro Rikishi Information". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  8. Weiner, Michael (2004). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 0-415-20854-8.
  9. "50 Years of NHK Television". www.nhk.or.jp. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  10. Oliver, Greg (June 2, 2010). "PWHF inductees Ben & Mike Sharpe were giants". Slam Wrestling. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  11. 木村政彦はなぜ力道山を殺さなかったのか (2011) ISBN 978-4-10-330071-7
  12. Mollinaro, J.F: The Top 100 Pro Wrestlers of All Time, p. 19, Winding Stair Press, 2002
  13. 剱持松二四段（当時）と力道山アマ三段 - 将棋ペンクラブログ・2013年5月7日
  14. 百田光雄、父・力道山の秘話を披露、急死した時の相続税は「20何億だった」. スポーツ報知. 報知新聞社. 2017-03-03. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
  15. 当時の1万円は相当な高額であり、大卒公務員の一か月の給与に相当した。「国家公務員の初任給の変遷」『人事院』
  16. 竹内宏介『プロレス醜聞100連発!!』（日本スポーツ出版社・1998年）p.26 - 27 ISBN 978-4-930943-10-1
  17. 剱持松二四段（当時）と力道山アマ三段 将棋ペンクラブログ
  18. "父・力道山の死から５１年…百田光雄＜１＞". YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  19. Imgur. "Imgur". Imgur. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  20. "二宮清純「戦後の英雄・力道山はなぜ死んだのか!?」（二宮 清純）". 現代ビジネス. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  21. "第103回 力道山（その四）総費用1億円の結婚式を挙げ、新婚旅行は1ヵ月。豪奢な幸福の後に……（福田 和也）". 現代ビジネス. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  22. "第四話 プロレスの殿堂・リキパレス（９）". www.interq.or.jp. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  23. "Looking back at the death of Rikidozan". 10 May 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  24. "Yakuza who stabbed famed wrestler Rikidozan dies in Tokyo". 14 April 2013.
  25. 力道山50回目の命日に孫の力がプロレスデビュー！父であり力道山の息子である百田光雄はダブルヘッダー. Battle News (in Japanese). 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
  26. Mainichi 西岡 (Nishioka), 省二 (Shoni) (2009-11-20). 北朝鮮：力道山ファミリー重用 総書記義弟の復権が影響？. Shimbum (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  27. 역도산 패밀리 북한서 중용. Kuki News via Yonhap (in Korean). 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  28. "Induction Weekend 2021 | Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame".
  29. Gerweck, Steve (2011-11-14). "NWA Hall of Fame Class for 2011 announced". WrestleView. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  30. "Congratulations to the 2017 WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees". WWE. March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  31. Molinaro, John (2003). The Top 100 Wrestlers of All Time. ISBN 1-55366-305-5.
  32. "力道山". www.jmdb.ne.jp. Retrieved 7 February 2008.

Bibliography
  • Igarashi, Yoshikuni (2000). Bodies of Memory: Narratives of War in Postwar Japanese Culture, 1945-1970. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691049122.
  • Yamaguchi, Haruo; Miyamoto, Koji; Teal, Scott (2019). The Great Pro Wrestling Venues, Volume 4: Japan: The Rikidozan Years (Kindle ed.). Crowbar Press. ISBN 978-1-940391-26-7.

Further reading
  • Li, Ho In (1989). I Am a Korean The story of the world professional wrestling champion Rikidozan. Pyongyang, (North) Korea: Foreign Languages Pub. House. OCLC 25966342. Biography of Rikidozan
  • Whiting, Robert (1999). Tokyo Underworld The fast times and hard life of an American gangster in Japan. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-41976-4. OCLC 39169916. Discusses Rikidōzan's impact on Japanese pop-culture and the Yakuza underworld during the American occupation of Japan, and also includes a small photo collection of Rikidōzan, and his killer, Katsuji Murata
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