Rich Men North of Richmond

Map of Virginia; the Washington metropolitan area is located to the north of Richmond, Virginia.

The song is a little over three minutes with a tempo of 118 beats per minute.[4] It has a verse-chorus form with a pre-chorus and a turnaround.[4] Unlike most other hits, however, it has an outro without an intro.[4] Overall, its song structure is similar to other contemporary hits.[4]

The song's lyrics include common right-wing talking points.[5][6][7][8] Its themes include low wages ("for bullshit pay"), food poverty ("nothing to eat"), high inflation ("dollar ain't shit"), high taxes ("taxed to no end"), child trafficking ("minors on an island"), welfare abuse ("the obese milkin' welfare"), and centralization of power ("wanna have total control").[5][9][10][6]

In a video explaining his songwriting, Anthony said that his lyrics attempt to speak for the working class and that he aspires to be a "voice for those people", noting that "whatever it is they're doing, they can't quite get ahead".[11] The lyrics have been compared to "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?"[12]

Completed less than four hours before recording, the song had stood half-way written two days before.[13] There was just one instrument – an acoustic resonator guitar.[4] The recording was quite raw and unpolished, with background noise and clipping, but this helped to give it an authentic, emotional quality.[4]

The song was first uploaded to YouTube on August 8, 2023,[14] by Radiowv, and the video received over 5 million views in its first three days.[5] Prior to the song's success, Anthony was not a well-known musician, and he had previously self-recorded songs on his cell phone.[15] "Rich Men North of Richmond" was Anthony's first professionally recorded song.[16]

The song has been attributed to a diverse range of influences, and various commentators have described it as an "anthem" for the "everyman",[17] for blue-collar workers,[18] as well as for conservatives,[16] and the right-wing, the latter of which Anthony has rejected.[5][19] The song was praised by Republican House representative Marjorie Taylor Greene,[5] country singer John Rich, podcaster Joe Rogan, and conservative commentators Dan Bongino and Matt Walsh.[14][20] Musician and commentator Winston Marshall praised the song in an op-ed for The Spectator as a "raw original tune ... that decries the powers that be in DC, elite pedophiles and the plight of ordinary working Americans" which "has resonated like a national guitar with music-loving Americans starved for something authentic".[21][10] Not all who championed the song were from the right; Democratic senator Chris Murphy posted that "progressives should listen to this", with the suggestion that the issues raised in the song are "all problems the left has better solutions to than the right".[22] In contrast, conservative National Review's executive editor Mark Antonio Wright criticized the song's lyrics, arguing that "if you're a fit, able-bodied man, and you're working 'overtime hours for bullshit pay,' you need to find a new job."[23][10]

Describing the song as "a passionate screed against the state of the country", Rolling Stone writer Joseph Hudak also said that Anthony delves into "Reagan-era talking points about welfare".[14] Jay Caspian Kang wrote in The New Yorker that "depending on your politics, [Anthony] is either a voice sent from Heaven to express the anger of the white working class, or he is a wholly constructed viral creation who has arrived to serve up resentment with a thick, folksy lacquering of Americana."[24] In an interview with Billboard, Radiowv's Draven Riffe said: "We both prayed before we recorded Rich Men North of Richmond."[17] "In our opinion, God has chosen to speak through Oliver and to speak to all Americans through his music, all around the world," he said.[25]

The song was likened to "Try That in a Small Town" by Jason Aldean, a country song popular among conservatives that was previously in the top spot on the iTunes Country Chart until ousted by "Rich Men North of Richmond".[5][15] Emma Keates wrote in The A.V. Club that Anthony's lyrics are "not ... as blatantly threatening" as those in Aldean's single, but "they're generally still based on a number of regressive and gross stereotypes that are filtering into mainstream music in a frightening way".[15] Some criticized the song for its line about "the obese milkin' welfare", claiming that it draws on negative stereotypes about welfare recipients.[26][19]

The song is described as the "latest in a series of controversial cultural flashpoints" that divided America.[22] In The Washington Post, it is argued that coming after the film Sound of Freedom and Jason Aldean's "Try That in a Small Town", the song is significant in demonstrating that "the far-right is gaining ground in the world of pop culture" previously dominated by "leftist personalities and values".[27] An alternative view, posited in Australian news outlet news.com.au, is that "no matter where you go and who you impress, there will always be a group of people eager" to "misconstrue your message," and so, although the song is "clearly about a working class call to arms, there were some who viewed the song as an 'offensive right wing anthem'".[28]

The song also received a response from British singer Billy Bragg, who wrote a song titled "Rich Men Earning North of a Million" with lyrics encouraging labor organization.[29]

"Rich Men North of Richmond" debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 dated August 26, 2023, with 147,000 downloads and 17.5 million streams that week.[3] It made Anthony the first artist to debut a song at number one on that chart with no prior entries in any form (five other solo artists debuted at No. 1 but had prior entries in some forms; for example, Baauer's song "Harlem Shake" first appeared in the dance/electronic chart before it reached the Hot 100).[3][37] It also makes him the third unsigned artist to have a number-one single on that chart, following Lisa Loeb's "Stay (I Missed You)" in 1994 and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' "Can't Hold Us" and "Thrift Shop" in 2013.[3][38] The song is also the first by a solo male artist to reach No. 1 on both the Hot 100 and Hot Country Songs simultaneously in its debut week.[3]

The song stayed at number one on the Hot 100, Hot Country Songs, and Digital Songs charts for a second week, with downloads dropping 20% to 117,000, while streaming went up 31% to 22.9 million. Airplay increased by 310% to 2.3 million audience impressions despite the song not being promoted to radio.[39]