Richard Wrangham

Richard Walter Wrangham (born 1948) is an English anthropologist and primatologist; he is Professor of Biological Anthropology at Harvard University. His research and writing have involved ape behavior, human evolution, violence, and cooking.

Richard Wrangham
Richard Wrangham in 2016
Born1948
NationalityBritish
Employer(s)Harvard University
University of Michigan

Biography

Wrangham was born in Leeds, Yorkshire.[1]

Following his years on the faculty of the University of Michigan, he became the Ruth Moore Professor of Biological Anthropology at Harvard University and his research group is now part of the newly established Department of Human Evolutionary Biology. He is a MacArthur fellow.[2]

He is co-director of the Kibale Chimpanzee Project, the long-term study of the Kanyawara chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, Uganda.[3] His research culminates in the study of human evolution in which he draws conclusions based on the behavioural ecology of apes. As a graduate student, Wrangham studied under Robert Hinde and Jane Goodall.[4]

Wrangham is known predominantly for his work in the ecology of primate social systems, the evolutionary history of human aggression (in his 1996 book with Dale Peterson, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence and his 2019 work The Goodness Paradox), and his research in cooking (summarized in his book, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human) and self-domestication. He is a vegetarian.[5]

Wrangham has been instrumental in identifying behaviors considered "human-specific" in chimpanzees, including culture[6] and with Eloy Rodriguez, chimpanzee self-medication.[4][7]

Among the recent courses he teaches in the Human Evolutionary Biology (HEB) concentration at Harvard are HEB 1330 Primate Social Behaviour and HEB 1565 Theories of Sexual Coercion (co-taught with Professor Diane Rosenfeld from Harvard Law School). In March 2008, he was appointed House Master of Currier House at Harvard College.[8] He received an honorary degree in Doctor of Science from Oglethorpe University in 2011.[9]

Research

Wrangham began his career as a researcher at Jane Goodall's long-term common chimpanzee field study in Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania. He befriended fellow primatologist Dian Fossey and assisted her in setting up her nonprofit mountain gorilla conservation organization, the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund (originally the Digit Fund).[10]

Wrangham's focused recently on the role cooking has played in human evolution. In Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, he argued that cooking food is obligatory for humans as a result of biological adaptations and that cooking, in particular the consumption of cooked tubers, might explain the increase in hominid brain sizes, smaller teeth and jaws, and decrease in sexual dimorphism that occurred roughly 1.8 million years ago.[11][12][13] Some anthropologists disagree with Wrangham's ideas, arguing that no solid evidence has been found to support Wrangham's claims, though Wrangham and colleagues, among others, have demonstrated in the laboratory the effects of cooking on energetic availability: cooking denatures proteins, gelatinizes starches, and helps kill pathogens.[14][15][11] The mainstream explanation is that human ancestors, prior to the advent of cooking, turned to eating meats, which then caused the evolutionary shift to smaller guts and larger brains.[16]

In his 2019 book, The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution, Wrangham argues that humans have "domesticated" themselves by a process of self-selection, as opposed to our selective breeding of dogs, livestock, or (more recently) foxes by Dmitry Belyayev and others. Wrangham distinguishes between "reactive aggression", when individuals lash out or react to a provocation, and "proactive aggression", which is planned, premeditated, and involves deliberate risk-avoidant tactical strikes, including war and capital punishment. He claims that humans are paradoxically extraordinarily low in "reactive" aggression but very high in and highly skilled at "proactive" aggression, and he argues that the threat of proactive aggression by males has played a crucial role in human psychology, patriarchy, so-called "morality" and history.

Personal life

Wrangham married Dr. Elizabeth Ross in 1980 and has three adult sons.[17] His work of studying the essential violence of chimpanzees, caused Wrangham to not eat meat for 40 years.[18]

Bibliography

Books
  • Demonic Males with Peterson, D., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 1996. ISBN 978-0-395-87743-2.
  • Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L. Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., & Struhsaker, T.T. (Eds.) (1987). Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76715-9
  • Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books, 2009. ISBN 0-465-01362-7
  • The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution. Pantheon, 2019. ISBN 978-1-101-87090-7

Papers
  • Wrangham, R (1980). "An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups". Behaviour. 75 (3–4): 262–300. doi:10.1163/156853980x00447.
  • Wrangham, R.; Smuts, B. B (1980). "Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 28 Suppl: 13–31. PMID 6934308.
  • Wrangham, R.; Conklin, N. L.; Chapman, C. A.; Hunt, K. D. (1991). "The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 334 (1270): 171–178. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0106. PMID 1685575.
  • Wrangham, R (1993). "The evolution of sexuality in chimpanzees and bonobos". Human Nature. 4 (1): 47–79. doi:10.1007/bf02734089. PMID 24214293. S2CID 46157113.
  • Wrangham, R (1997). "Subtle, secret female chimpanzees". Science. 277 (5327): 774–775. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.774. PMID 9273699. S2CID 26175542.
  • Wrangham, R (1999). "Is military incompetence adaptive?". Evolution and Human Behavior. 20 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(98)00040-3.
  • Wrangham, R.; Jones, J. H.; Laden, G.; Pilbeam, D.; Conklin-Brittain, N. L. (1999). "The raw and the stolen: Cooking and the ecology of human origins". Current Anthropology. 40 (5): 567–594. doi:10.1086/300083. PMID 10539941. S2CID 82271116.
  • Eds. Muller, M. & Wrangham, R. (2009). 'Sexual Coercion in Primates and Humans'. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

References
  1. Thompson, Melissa Emery (2018), "Richard Wrangham", in Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_947-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, retrieved 18 September 2020
  2. "Class of 1987". MacArthur Foundation.
  3. "About". Kibale Chimpanzee Project. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  4. Gerber, Suzanne (November 1998). "Not just monkeying around". Vegetarian Times.
  5. "Food For Thought: Meat-Based Diet Made Us Smarter". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  6. Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W.; Boesch, C. (1999). "Cultures in chimpanzees". Nature. 399 (6737): 682–685. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..682W. doi:10.1038/21415. PMID 10385119. S2CID 4385871.
  7. "Animal instinct for finding treatment". The New Zealand Herald. The Independent. 6 August 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  8. "Richard Wrangham and Elizabeth Ross Appointed Co-House Masters of Currier House". Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  9. "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University". Oglethorpe University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  10. Mowat, Farley (1987). Woman in the Mists. New York: Warner Books. pp. 172–3. ISBN 978-0-356-17106-7.
  11. Gorman, Rachael Moeller (16 December 2007). "Cooking Up Bigger Brain". Scientific American.
  12. Wrangham, Richard; Conklin-Brittain, NancyLou (2003). "Cooking as a biological trait". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 136 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00020-5. PMID 14527628.
  13. Wrangham, Richard (2006). "The Cooking Enigma". In Ungar, Peter S. (ed.). Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 308–23. ISBN 978-0-19-518346-7.
  14. Carmody, Rachel (2009). "The energetic significance of cooking". Journal of Human Evolution. 57 (4): 379–391. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.011. PMID 19732938. S2CID 15255649.
  15. Pennisi, Elizabeth (26 March 1999). "Did cooked tubers spur the evolution of big brains?". Science. 283 (5410): 2004–2005. doi:10.1126/science.283.5410.2004. PMID 10206901. S2CID 39775701.
  16. Aiello, L. C. (1997). "Brains and guts in human evolution: The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis". Brazilian Journal of Genetics. 20: 141–148. doi:10.1590/S0100-84551997000100023.
  17. Thompson, Melissa Emery (2018), Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd (eds.), "Richard Wrangham", Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_947-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, retrieved 27 September 2023
  18. Grolle, Johann (22 March 2019). "Interview with Anthropologist Richard Wrangham". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
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