Qays ibn Sa'd

Qays ibn Sa'd was born in Medina around the time of Muhammad. His father was Sa'd ibn Ubadah, the leader of the Khazraj tribe.[2]

Khalid Muhammad Khalid, an Egyptian religious scholar, remarks that Qays ibn Sa'd was said to be very cunning before his conversion to Islam.[2] Khalid states that he would use his cunning to short-change the people of Medina and its surroundings.[2]

Qays was given the title al-Ansari(الانصاري),[3] which means 'the helper' or 'the supporter' in Arabic.

Khalid writes that Qays' family was known for their generosity. Khalid remarks that Muhammad praised them by stating,

"Generosity is the dominant trait of this family."[2]

Khalid notes that Qays would inherit his family's generosity and that his generosity surpassed his cleverness.[2] Furthermore, Khalid states that Qays was also known for his charity.[2] Khalid documents that Abu Bakr and Umar once stated,

"If we let this lad give free rein to his generosity, he would exhaust his father’s wealth." When his father, Sa'd ibn Ubadah heard their comments he replied "Abu Quhaafah and Ibn al-Khattab should not have tried to encourage my son to become a miser."[2]

Khalid remarks that, to demonstrate Qays' generosity, Qays lent a person in debt a large sum of money. When it came time for the debtor to repay, Qays refused to take the money back and stated,

"I never take back anything that I have given."[2]

Khalid notes that Qays had characteristics of a leader except for a traditional Arab beard, saying the Ansar use to tease Qays by saying,

"If only we could buy him a beard."[2]

Imam Ali had selected Qays ibn Sa'd to become the governor of Egypt.[1][4] In his book, The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of The Early Caliphate, Wilferd Madelung discusses the appointment of Qays ibn Sa'd as the governor of Egypt by stating,

"It was an act of reparation towards the Ansar and must have been seen by the Quraish opposition in Mecca as confirmation of their fear that Ali intended to abolish their privileged status as the ruling class in Islam."[1]

Imam Ali chose Qays over Muhammad ibn Abu Hudhaifa, whom the Egyptian rebels looked as their leader and had control of al-Fustat.[1] Madelung states,

"He (Imam Ali) did not feel indebted to the Egyptian rebels, who had returned home, as he did to al-Ashtar and the Kufans, and wished to keep at a distance from them."[1]

He also rejected Amr ibn As, a supporter of Mu'awiyah, as a candidate even though Aisha demanded his restoration on the grounds of his popularity among the army of Egypt.[1] Madelung also states,

"Amr's leading role in the agitation against Uthman, based on motives of self-interest rather than Islamic principles, could hardly have appealed to Ali. Amr was a type of unscrupulous opportunist with whom Ali did not want to burden his reign."[1]

According to Sahl ibn Sa'd al-Sa'idi of the Khazraj tribe,

"Ali proposed to Qays ibn Sa'd that he choose a military guard in Median to accompany him, but Qays declined, stating that if he could enter Egypt only with a military escort he would rather never enter the country."[1]

Qays then left with only seven companions and was able to reach al-Fustat without any worries/troubles.[1] He also brought a letter from Imam Ali informing the Egyptian Muslims of his (Qays's) appointment and read it in the mosque.[1] The letter was written in Safar 36 AH (July 656 AD), roughly two months after Imam Ali's accession by Ubaydullah ibn Abi Rafi.[1] Imam Ali mentioned that Muhammad had first been succeeded by two persons, after whom a ruler (Uthman) had taken charge and introduced innovations such that the community protested and reproached him.[1] Madelung comments,

"There was no mention of Uthman's violent death and of the part played by the Egyptian rebels. Ali evidently did not wish to touch the divisive matter."[1]

After publicly addressing the letter, Qays then praised Imam Ali as the best man after Muhammad.[1] He also received the bay'ahs (pledges of allegiance) for Imam Ali from the Egyptian people.[1]

As the governor, Qays did not take any major steps against Uthman's partisans, who had seceded to the village of Kharbita near Alexandria after the revolt of Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa.[1][4] Uthman's partisans held out against Qays ibn Sa’d under their leader Yazid ibn al-Harith al-Maudliji of Kinana.[1] They informed Qays that they wanted to see how matters developed.[1] Furthermore, they stated that they would not interfere with his tax collectors and would not take up arms against him.[1] Qays agreed to their request and did not try to force them to pledge allegiance (Uthman's partisans would later pledge allegiance to Mu'awiyah instead of Imam Ali).[1] Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Sa’idi, a kinsman of Qays, called for retaliation for the blood of Uthman.[1] However, Qays assured Maslama that he did not wish to kill him under any circumstances.[1] As a result, Maslama committed himself not to oppose Qays as long as Qays was the governor of Egypt.[1] The agreement (with Uthman's partisans) allowed Qays to collect the tax throughout the land of Egypt.[1]

Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa and the Egyptian rebels were not mentioned in the accounts of Sahl ibn Sa’d.[1]

According to al-Layth ibn Sa’d, an Egyptian, Muhammad ibn Hudhayfa left Egypt for Medina when Qays was appointed governor in order to join Imam Ali.[1] When news reached Mu’awiyah that Muhammad departed from Egypt and was on transit to Medina, he demanded his subjects capture Muhammad and bring him to Sham (Damascus).[1] After Muhammad was brought to Damascus, Mu’awiyah imprisoned him.[1] Muhammad managed to escape prison but was killed by Yemenis on Dhul Hijja 36 AH (May 657 AD).[1]

Sulaym ibn Qays states:

"Mu'awiyah came (to perform) the hajj during his Caliphate. That was after the killing of Imam Ali, and after the Peace Treaty with Imam Hasan. The Medinans (people of Medina) received him. Among them was Qays ibn Sa'd, who was the chief of the Ansar (helpers) and the son of their chief. So a talk took place between them (Qays ibn Sa'd and Mu'awiyah).[6]

Qays died in 59 AH (678-679 AD) in Medina.

• Imam Ali
• Imam Hasan
• Sa'd ibn Ubadah
• List of Sahabah that did not give Bay'ah to Abu Bakr
• Sulaym ibn Qays

• Wilferd Madelung (1998). The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of The Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521646963.
• Muhammad Khali Khalid and Khalid Muhammad Khalid (2005). Men Around The Messenger. Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 978-9839154733.
• Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib. Nahjul Balagha: Peak of Eloquence. ISBN 978-0940368422.
• Carl F. Petry, ed. (2008). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521068857.
• Michael G. Morony (2006). Iraq after the Muslim Conquest. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1593333157.
• Radi Aal-Yasin (2013). Sulh al-Hasan: The Peace Treaty of al-Hasan [a]. Ahlulbayt Organization. ISBN 978-1494438135.