Qantas fleet

Qantas operates a fleet of Airbus A330, Airbus A380, Boeing 737 and Boeing 787 making a total of 125 aircraft. This list excludes subsidiaries Jetstar, QantasLink and Qantas Freight.

Current fleet

As of August 2023, the Qantas mainline fleet consists of the following aircraft:[1][2][3]

Qantas fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
F B PE E
Total
Airbus A220-300 — 29[4][5][6][7] — 10 — 127 137 Deliveries are to begin in late 2023.
To replace Boeing 737-800 and QantasLink's Boeing 717-200.
Order with 94 further purchase right options across A320neo and A220 families.[8][9]
Airbus A321XLR — 20[4] — 20 — 180 200 Deliveries are to begin in late 2024.[10]
To replace Boeing 737-800.
Order with 94 further purchase right options across A320neo and A220 families.[8][9]
Airbus A330-200 16 — — 27 — 224 251[11] To be replaced by Airbus A350-1000 and Boeing 787 from 2027.[12]
28 243 271[13]
Airbus A330-300 10 — — 28 — 269 297[14]
Airbus A350-1000 — 24 6 52 40 140 238[15][16] Deliveries to commence in 2025.[8]
To be used for Project Sunrise routes.[17]
TBA Deliveries to commence in 2028.[17]
To replace Airbus A330 with further options to replace Airbus A380 from 2032.[12]
Airbus A380-800 10[18] — 14 64 35 371 484[19]
70 60 341 485[20] Refurbished with new Business and Premium Economy cabins.[21]
Five aircraft to return in service from 2022.[22]
All to be reactivated by the end of 2023.[23]
To be replaced from 2032 onwards by A350-1000.[24]
Boeing 737-800 75 — — 12 — 162 174[25] Some to be retired and replaced by aircraft from the A320neo and A220 families from late 2024.[4][8]
Boeing 787-9 14[26] 4 — 42 28 166 236[27] Original order for eight with 15 options and 30 purchase rights.[28][29]
Six additional aircraft ordered in May 2018.[30]
4 additional aircraft ordered in August 2023. Replacing Airbus A330.[12]
Boeing 787-10 — 8 TBA Replacing Airbus A330.[12]
Total 125 85

As of November 2018, Qantas and its subsidiaries operated 297 aircraft, including 71 aircraft by Jetstar Airways; 90 by the various QantasLink-branded airlines and six by Express Freighters Australia (on behalf of Qantas Freight, which also wet leases 2 Atlas Air Boeing 747-8Fs, N850GT and N854GT).[2][31][32][33][34]

Order history

On 22 August 2012, Qantas announced that, due to losses and to conserve capital, it had cancelled its 35-aircraft Boeing 787-9 order while keeping the 15-aircraft 787-8 order for Jetstar Airways and moving forward 50 purchase rights.[35][36] On 20 August 2015 Qantas announced that it had ordered eight Boeing 787-9s for delivery from 2017.[37]

In February 2019, Qantas cancelled its remaining orders for a further eight Airbus A380-800 aircraft.[38]

In June 2019, during the Paris Air Show, Qantas Group converted 26 Airbus A321neo orders to the A321XLR variant and another ten A321neo orders to the A321LR variant; and ordered an additional ten A321XLRs. This brought Qantas Group's total Airbus A320neo family order to 109 aircraft, consisting of 45 A320neos, 28 A321LRs, and 36 A321XLRs. At the time of the announcement, Qantas CEO Alan Joyce stated that a decision had not yet been made on how the aircraft would be distributed between Qantas and Jetstar Airways, or whether they were to be used for network growth or the replacement of older aircraft.[39]

In December 2019, Qantas announced it had selected the Airbus A350-1000 for its Project Sunrise program of non-stop flights from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane to cities such as London, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Cape Town, and Frankfurt. No orders had been placed but Qantas would work closely with Airbus to prepare contract terms for up to 12 aircraft ahead of a final decision by the Qantas Board. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, plans for Project Sunrise were put on hold indefinitely.[40][41][42]

In December 2021, Qantas announced it had selected the Airbus A321XLR to replace its Boeing 737-800s, and the Airbus A220 to replace its QantasLink Boeing 717s. The in-principle agreement was for up to 134 orders and purchase right options over 10 plus years with deliveries occurring sometime after 1 July 2023. The order was expected to be finalised before 30 June 2022.[43]

In May 2022, Qantas announced it had placed an order for 12 Airbus A350-1000 for the Project Sunrise program. The first of these is expected to be delivered to Qantas in late 2026. To celebrate this order, an Airbus A350-1000 was flown to Sydney from Toulouse via Perth wearing Qantas decals. The 238 seats will be split into 6 first class suites (three-abreast), 52 business class suites (four-abreast), 40 premium economy seats at 40″ pitch (eight-abreast) and 140 economy class seats at 33″ pitch (nine-abreast). In the same announcement, they also finalised their order for the Airbus A321XLR and Airbus A220.[44]

In February 2023, Qantas announced it was exercising 9 purchase right options for the A220-300 aircraft, taking the total number of A220-300s on firm order to 29.[7]

In August 2023, Qantas announced new orders for 24 aircraft. 4 Boeing 787-9, 8 Boeing 787-10, and 12 Airbus A350-1000. These aircraft are to replace aging A330 aircraft from 2027. Qantas also has a number of purchase right options "to provide flexibility for future growth and, ultimately, replacement of the A380 fleet."[12]

Fleet history
Boeing 707 and Boeing 747-200 at Longreach's Qantas Founders Outback Museum

Qantas has had a varied fleet since the airline's inception. Following its foundation shortly after the end of the First World War, the first aircraft to serve in the fleet was the Avro 504K, a small biplane. Starting with a delivery of seven Boeing 707 aircraft,[45] the airline's fleet entered the jet age in 1959.

First aircraft
Avro Dyack, the first Qantas plane, ca.1921

Qantas' first aircraft was an Avro 504K (a replica of which can be seen at Qantas Campus, Mascot) with a 100-horsepower (74 kW) water-cooled Sunbeam Dyak engine. By 1921 it also operated a Royal Aircraft Factory BE2E with a 90-horsepower (67 kW) air-cooled engine.

Qantas inaugurated its three-day-long Short Empire Flying Boat service between Rose Bay and Singapore-Kallang Airport in the late 1930s. The run had stopovers in Townsville, Darwin and Surabaya. The service was replaced in 1943 by a long-range service, the Catalina flying boat.[46]

World War II

During World War II, Qantas operated flying boats on the Australia-England route in cooperation with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). After Italy entered the war in June 1940, this became the Horseshoe Route between Sydney and Durban in South Africa with the South Africa – UK stage being by sea. This service was a vital line of communication between Australia and the United Kingdom.[47]

In June 1943 Qantas employed 5 Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boats—obtained under Lend-Lease through the British Air Ministry—to establish a route between Perth in Australia and Colombo in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) over the Indian Ocean. Becoming known as The Double Sunrise, this route remains the longest non-stop commercial flight ever undertaken, requiring between 27 and 32 hours to complete (depending on winds). Over the next two years, 271 crossings took place.[48][49]

Starting in June 1944, Qantas augmented the Catalinas with the first of two converted Consolidated Liberator bombers, which could complete the Australia–Ceylon journey in substantially less time with a much larger payload. The route was named Kangaroo Route and marked the first time that Qantas' now-famous kangaroo logo was used; passengers received a certificate proclaiming them as members of The Order of the Longest Hop.[49] A new version of the logo was launched in July 2007.[50]

In June 1945, Avro Lancastrians were introduced on the Australia–England service, with the Liberators and Catalinas being shifted to other routes.[49]

Post War era
A Boeing 767 at Sydney Airport in 2012
A Boeing 747-400ER at JFK Airport in 2016

In accordance with the Lend-Lease agreement, the five modified Catalinas used for Double Sunrise service were scuttled after the war. However, Qantas obtained seven former Royal Australian Air Force Catalinas, using them to serve outlying South Pacific islands. The last two Catalinas were retired in 1958.[48]

After World War II Qantas modernised its fleet with Lockheed Constellation aircraft, commencing with six L-749 Constellations from 1947.[51]

In 1949, Douglas DC-4 Skymasters were obtained, replacing Lancastrians on some routes.[49]

In 1950, Qantas introduced the first of five Short Sandringham flying boats which flew from the Rose Bay flying boat base on Sydney Harbour to destinations in New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island. Two of these were purchased from TEAL and the other three were purchased from BOAC. These were in service through to 1955.[52]

From 1954, Qantas placed into service the first of sixteen L-1049 Super Constellation aircraft, which would remain in the fleet through to 1963.[51] By 1956 the airline was operating 34 propeller-driven aircraft. Qantas carried a record number of passengers to the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, and also carried the Olympic flame[53] into the Southern Hemisphere for the first time on its longest ever trip, from Athens to Darwin.[54]

Jet Age
A Boeing 707 at Frankfurt Airport in 1972. Note the fifth engine under the wing.

Qantas entered the Jet Age in July 1959 with Boeing 707 services to the United States. The service was extended to London via New York. Sydney to London services via Bombay began in October 1959.[55] With the certification of the turbofan engine, Qantas modified its existing 707-138 fleet with the turbofans, naming its Boeing 707 aircraft V-Jets, from the Latin vannus, meaning "fan" as commonly accepted, but really standing for "thing that blows against the grain". In total, Qantas took delivery of seven Boeing 707-138s, and a further six 707-138Bs.

From 7 November 1959 until 30 May 1963, Qantas operated six de Havilland Comets, four being wet leased from BOAC. They were crewed by BOAC employees and featured Qantas titles on the fuselage in place of the BOAC titles.[56]

Following this, Qantas placed in service twenty-two Boeing 707-338Cs, which replaced the Boeing 707-138Bs and provided for expansion of the fleet. These entered service in February 1965 and flew through until retirement in March 1979.[57]

From 1971, Qantas operated the Boeing 747-238B,[58] which strengthened its long haul fleet. When the Boeing 707s were retired in 1979, Qantas became the world's only all Boeing 747 operator.[59] In 1981, two short body Boeing 747SPs entered the fleet for flights to Wellington, and they were subsequently used on non-stop flights between Sydney and Los Angeles.[60][61]

In November 1984, Qantas commenced service with six Boeing 747-338s with an extended upper deck.[61] From 1985, Qantas ceased being an all Boeing 747 operator when the first of seven Boeing 767-238ERs entered the fleet.[59] These were followed by the Boeing 767-300ERs, with the first example delivered in August 1988 (1988-08);[62] seven additional Boeing 767-336ERs were leased and subsequently purchased from British Airways and entering service from August 2000.[63] On its delivery flight in July 1989, Qantas' first Boeing 747-400 flew a record-breaking non-stop flight from London to Sydney in little more than 20 hours that stood until bettered by a Boeing 787 in October 2019.[64][65] Qantas purchased a total of 60 Boeing 747s with the last delivered in 2003. Fifty-seven were purchased new and three second-hand, it operated a further five leased from other airlines at various stages.[59] The last six Boeing 747-400s were retired in 2020.[66]

In the early 1990s Qantas was one of eight major airlines working with Boeing on the design of the Boeing 777. Despite being part of the design group, Qantas ultimately never acquired any 777s. Several aviation commentators have criticised this decision, as the 777 appears to be a good fit for Qantas' requirements.[67] While the reasons have never been made public by Qantas, it is believed that various reasons contributed to the decision, such as a Civil Aviation Safety Authority restriction on ETOPS180 operations, errors made by Qantas in the forecasting of future fuel prices which made the 777 appear expensive to operate, and a desire to keep the number of types in the fleet to a minimum.

In 2008, Qantas took delivery of the first of 12 Airbus A380s.[68]

1970 fleet
A Boeing 747SP at Wellington Airport in 1981
Qantas Airways fleet in 1970[69]
Aircraft Total Orders Notes
BAC/Sud Concorde 0 0 Four on option
Boeing SST 0 0 Six on option
Boeing 707-300[70] 21 0
Boeing 747-200 0 4
Douglas DC-3 2 0
Douglas DC-4 2 0
Hawker Siddeley HS 125 2 0 Used for pilot training
Lockheed L-188 Electra 1 0
Total 28 4

Recent retirements
An Airbus A300 at Perth Airport in the 1990s

Qantas operated Airbus A300B4 aircraft after its acquisition of Australian Airlines. The airline also operated Boeing 737-300, Boeing 747-200, Boeing 747SP, Boeing 747-300 and Boeing 767-200ER aircraft.

In 2014, Qantas retired its fleet of Boeing 737-400 aircraft, after the last scheduled service of the type on 23 February.[71]

Throughout 2014, Qantas's Boeing 767-300ER fleet was in the process of a phase-out with the last five operating commercial services operating on 27 December.[72] Four of them were sold to WestJet.[73]

Qantas' oldest Boeing 747-400 (VH-OJA, City of Canberra) was retired on 8 March 2015 (2015-03-08) and flown to Shellharbour Airport in order to be donated to the Historical Aviation Restoration Society.[74]

On 13 October 2019, Qantas' final Boeing 747-400 (VH-OJU, Lord Howe Island) was retired after operating QF99 from Sydney to Los Angeles. On 28 March 2020, Qantas operated its last commercial Boeing 747 flight from Santiago de Chile to Sydney.[75][76]

The final Boeing 747-400ER in the fleet (VH-OEJ, Wunala) departed Sydney on 22 July 2020 as flight number QF7474 doing a flypast of Sydney Harbour, Sydney CBD and the northern and eastern suburbs beaches followed by a low level overfly of Shellharbour Airport in a final farewell to VH-OJA. Seats on three joy flights – over Sydney, Brisbane and Canberra – were offered before the aircraft's final flight. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on Victoria, Melbourne was not offered a flight.[77] The final flight departed from Sydney, while the aircraft was sprayed with jets of water and crowds looked on.[78] Its flight path traced Qantas's 'Flying Kangaroo' logo in the sky as it headed east,[79][80] and entered retirement in the Californian desert in Mojave.[81]

References
  1. "Seat maps". Qantas.
  2. "Aircraft register search: Registered Operator Qantas Airways". casa.gov.au. Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  3. "Qantas Boeing 747-400 VH-OJU retired". Australian Aviation. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  4. "Airbus beats out Boeing: Qantas to order A321XLR, A220 jets". Executive Traveller. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  5. "Australia's Qantas Group updates fleet renewal plans". ch-aviation.com. 24 February 2023.
  6. "Qantas group updates fleet plan to boost capacity". Qantas News Room. 23 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  7. "Qantas group returns to profit with record half year result". Qantas News Room. 23 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  8. "QANTAS GROUP ANNOUNCES MAJOR AIRCRAFT ORDER TO SHAPE ITS FUTURE". Qantas Newsroom (Press release). 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  9. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Qantas switches to Airbus to replace domestic fleet | DW | 16.12.2021". DW.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  10. "Airbus A321XLR delays average 12 months across industry -Qantas". Yahoo Life. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  11. "Airbus 330-200 Seat Map for Configuration: 27 Business; 224 Economy – International" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  12. "Qantas orders more aircraft for international fleet" (Press release). 24 August 2023.
  13. "Airbus 330-200 Seat Map for Configuration: 28 Business; 243 Economy – Domestic" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  14. "Airbus 330-300 Seat Map for Configuration: 28 Business; 269 Economy – International" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  15. "QANTAS GROUP ANNOUNCES MAJOR AIRCRAFT ORDER TO SHAPE ITS FUTURE". QANTAS. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  16. "QANTAS Airbus A350-1000 Fact Sheet" (PDF). QANTAS. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  17. "Qantas Ordering Airbus A350 For World's Longest Flight". One Mile at a Time. 2 May 2022.
  18. "Photos: First Qantas A380 to be scrapped".
  19. "Airbus 380 Seat Map for Configuration: 14 First; 64 Business; 35 Premium Economy; 371 Economy" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  20. "Airbus A380-800 seat map – 14 First, 70 Business, 60 Premium Economy and 341 Economy" (PDF). Qantas. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  21. Stewart, Sammy (1 October 2019). "Inside Qantas' newly refurbished A380". News.com.au.
  22. "Qantas Group outlines strategy for restarting international flights". Qantas Newsroom. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021.
  23. Chua, Alfred (25 August 2022). "Qantas to reactivate five remaining A380s by end-2023". Flight Global. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  24. https://investor.qantas.com/DownloadFile.axd?file=/Report/ComNews/20230824/02701431.pdf
  25. "Boeing 737-800 Seat Map for Configuration: 12 Business; 162 Economy -" (PDF). 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  26. "Qantas takes delivery of new 787". Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  27. "Boeing 787-9 Seat Map for Configuration: 42 Business; 28 Premium Economy; 166 Economy" (PDF). 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  28. Frawley, Gerald (17 October 2017). "'Great Southern Land' – first Qantas 787 formally revealed". Australian Aviation. Phantom Media. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  29. "Qantas orders Dreamliners, announces shareholder return and posts return to profitability". Australian Aviation. Phantom Media. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  30. "Qantas Orders More Dreamliners, Sets Date to Farewell Jumbos" (Press release). Qantas. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  31. Australian civil aircraft register search, using "Jetstar", "Eastern Australia Airlines", "Express Freighters", "Sunstate Airlines" and "Network Aviation" in turn as the "Registered Operator" search parameter. Searches conducted 15 November 2018
  32. Australian civil aircraft register search, using "717-200" as the "Aircraft model" search parameter. Search conducted 1 February 2015.
  33. "About Qantas – Qantas Freight" Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  34. "ATCG Airlines Launches New International Services" (Press release). Air Transport Services Group. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  35. "Qantas Group Restructures Fleet Plan" (PDF) (Press release). Qantas Corporate Communication. 23 August 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013.
  36. Gates, Dominic (22 August 2012). "Qantas drops order for 35 Boeing 787-9s". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013.
  37. Colgan, Paul (20 August 2015). "Qantas is buying 8 Boeing 787 Dreamliners". Business Insider Australia. Pedestrian Group.
  38. Shane, Daniel. "A380 cancellations by Qantas raise new questions about the superjumbo's future". CNN. Cable News Network. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  39. "QANTAS GROUP UPDATES AIRBUS ORDER WITH EXTRA LONG RANGE A321". Qantas News Room (Press release). Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  40. "QANTAS UPDATE ON PROJECT SUNRISE" (Press release). Qantas. 13 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021.
  41. Singh, Jay (15 December 2019). "Qantas Eyes Frankfurt As Another Project Sunrise Destination". Simple Flying. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021.
  42. Cirium (5 May 2020). "Qantas puts Project Sunrise on hold". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021.
  43. "Qantas selects Airbus as preferred aircraft for domestic fleet renewal". Qantas News Room. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  44. "Qantas announces plans for non-stop flights from Sydney to New York and London". the Guardian. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  45. "Entering the Jet Age". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  46. "Qantas flying boats: Was air travel more fun in the 1930s?". news.com.au. 10 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015. 
  47. "World at War". Qantas.com.au. 4 February 1942. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  48. "The Catalinas". Qantas.com. Qantas. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  49. "Thirty Years of Qantas". Flight. Vol. LVIII, no. 2182. London. 16 November 1950. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  50. "Qantas unveils new logo and flight class". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 July 2007.
  51. "Lockheed Constellation – Australia". Aussie Airliners. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  52. "Australian Short Flying Boat Register". Aussie Airliners. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  53. "VH-EAB L-1049 Constellation". Aussieairliners.org. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  54. "Constellations Span the World". Qantas.com.au. 14 January 1958. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  55. "Entering the Jet Age". Qantas.com.au. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  56. "de Havilland DH-106 Comet 4 Register". Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  57. "Australian Boeing 707 Register". Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  58. "The Jumbo Jet". Qantas.com.au. 1 August 1967. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  59. Long Has She Reigned Australian Aviation June 2018 page 62
  60. Qantas SP will mean 747 services to Wellington Freight & Container Transportation March 1980 page 27
  61. "Australian Boeing 747 Register". Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  62. Schofield, Adrian (18 September 2014). "Qantas enters final stage of 767 phase-out". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2014. 
  63. "Australian Boeing 767 Register". Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  64. 30 years since Qantas' top-secret record-holding 747 flight from London to Sydney ABC News 17 August 2019
  65. Qantas' non-stop London-Sydney flight: Inside the monumental 19 hour journey Seven News 17 November 2019
  66. Qantas orders more Dreamliners, sets date to farewell Jumbos Qantas 2 May 2018
  67. "No time machine to change Qantas fleet order – Joyce". Australian Aviation Magazine. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  68. First Airbus A380 delivered to Qantas Airbus 19 September 2008
  69. "World airlines 1970 – Qantas Airways Ltd" (PDF). Flight International: 497. 26 March 1970. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  70. F E Bucher, U Klee, B Drum. JP Airline-Fleets, 1970–1977 (Jp, Zurich ed.).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. "End of an era as Qantas retires the 737 classic". Australian Aviation. 24 February 2014.
  72. End of an era as Qantas farewells the 767 Australian Aviation 27 December 2014
  73. Frawley, Gerard (27 December 2014). "End of an era as Qantas farewells the 767". Australian Aviation. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015. 
  74. Taylor, Ellis (9 March 2015). "PICTURES: Qantas's first 747-400 makes final flight". Flightglobal. Singapore. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015. 
  75. COVID vs Goliaths Airliner World June 2020 page 27
  76. Qantas retires entire Boeing 747 fleet Executive Traveller 25 June 2020
  77. Platt, Craig (6 July 2020). "Qantas Boeing 747 retirement: Farewell flights for jumbo jets to go on sale". Traveller.
  78. "Qantas farewells 747 fleet in final flight (video)". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 July 2020.
  79. "QANTAS FAREWELLS "QUEEN OF THE SKIES"". Qantas News Room. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  80. Nowroozi, Isaac (17 July 2020). "Qantas Boeing 747 aircraft takes farewell tour over Canberra, Brisbane and Sydney". ABC News.
  81. "Last Qantas 747 lands in Californian desert (video)". The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 July 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.