Protogaea

Protogaea[1] is a work by Gottfried Leibniz on geology and natural history. Unpublished in his lifetime, but made known by Johann Georg von Eckhart in 1719,[2] it was conceived as a preface to his incomplete history of the House of Brunswick.[3]

Illustration of the 1749 edition of Protogaea by Leibniz

Life

Protogaea is a history of the Earth written in conjectural terms; it was composed by Leibniz in the period from 1691 to 1693.[4] A summary in Latin was published in 1693 in the Leipzig Acta Eruditorum.[5] The text was first published in full in 1749, shortly after Benoît de Maillet's more far-reaching ideas on the origin of the Earth, circulated in manuscript, had been printed.[6]

Views

Protogaea built on, and criticized, the natural philosophy of René Descartes, as expressed in his Principia Philosophiae.[7] Leibniz in the work adopted the Cartesian theory of the Earth as a sun crusted over with sunspots.[3] He relied on the authority of Agostino Scilla writing about fossils to discredit the speculations of Athanasius Kircher and Johann Joachim Becher;[8] he had met Scilla in Rome a few years earlier.[9] He took up suggestions of Nicolaus Steno that argued for the forms of fossils being prior to their inclusion in rocks, for stratification, and for the gradual solidification of the Earth.[10]

Notes
  1. Full title in German: Protogaea oder Abhandlung von der ersten Gestalt der Erde und den Spuren der Historie in Denkmalen der Natur (Protogaea or Treatise on the First Form of the Earth and the Trail of History in Monuments of Nature).
  2. J. G. Eckhart, "Beschreibung desjenigen, was bey Grabung des Herrenhäuser‐Canals am Lein‐Strome her Curiöses in der Erde gefunden worden", Neue Zeitungen von Gelehrten Sachen auf das Jahr 1719, Nr. 24, 185–192, see Cornelius Steckner: Lügenstein und Weltarchäologie.
  3. Nicholas Jolley (1995). The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–3. ISBN 978-0-521-36769-1. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  4. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (2008). Protogaea. University of Chicago Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-226-11297-8.
  5. Oldroyd, D. R.; Howes, J. B. (1978). "The first published version of Leibniz's Protogaea". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 9: 56–60. doi:10.3366/jsbnh.1978.9.1.56.
  6. Michael Allaby (1 January 2009). Earth Science: A Scientific History of the Solid Earth. Infobase Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4381-2694-4.
  7. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (2008). Protogaea. University of Chicago Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-226-11297-8.
  8. Paolo Rossi (1987). The Dark Abyss of Time: The History of the Earth and the History of Nations from Hooke to Vico. University of Chicago Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-226-72832-2.
  9. Ofer Gal; Raz Chen-Morris (2012). Science in the Age of Baroque. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 124. ISBN 978-94-007-4807-1.
  10. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (2008). Protogaea. University of Chicago Press. p. xxv. ISBN 978-0-226-11297-8.
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