Prince of Wales

The first known Welsh ruler to refer to himself as the Prince of Wales was Owain Gwynedd, in about 1165 in the third of his letters to Louis VII of France. It is likely that this was to assert his pre-eminence over the other Welsh princes.[1][2]^: 86[3]

The next to assume the title was the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great).[4] In 1215, the Welsh and Scots had joined English rebel barons in forcing King John to sign Magna Carta, which included return of lands to the Welsh and the return of Llywelyn's hostage son, Gruffydd.[5] Llywelyn went on to gain dominance over all Wales the following year and in 1218 Henry III formally recognised Llywelyn as Prince of Wales in the Treaty of Worcester.[6]

Although Llywelyn's son, Dafydd was forced to give up his father's claims, his nephew, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (also known as Llywelyn II[7] or Llywelyn the Last), controlled almost all of "Welsh Wales" (Pura Wallia) and began using the Prince of Wales title with Scottish backing.[8] In 1258 much of Wales appeared united behind Llywelyn and against the English. Taking advantage of cvil war in England, Henry III agreed the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267, recognising Llywelyn as Prince of Wales.[9]

In 1277, the invasion of Edward I of England into Wales forced Llywelyn II into the Treaty of Aberconwy, meaning he would lose much of the ground previously gained, but would keep the Prince of Wales title.[10] The invasion was over a series of disputes[11]^: 409 but Edward was not intent on conquest at that stage, and negotiated the settlement when Llywelyn surrendered.[12]^: 151 War broke out again in 1282, as a result of a rebellion by Llywelyn's brother Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277. Edward I was drawn into war again and this time he turned it into a war of conquest.[13]^: 348 The war turned in Edward's favour when Llywelyn unexpectedly marched out of North Wales towards Builth in mid-Wales.[12]^: 155 He was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge on 11 December 1282.[13]^: 353[12]^: 155 Dafydd briefly assumed the title of Prince of Wales before he too was captured and executed in 1283.[14]

In 1284, Edward introduced the royal ordinance of the Statute of Rhuddlan, formally ending the independent Welsh Principality of Wales and annexing its territory to the crown of England.[15]^: 23–24[16]

After over a century of English rule, supporters of Welsh leader Owain Glyndŵr (c. 1354 – c. 1415) proclaimed him Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 in Glyndyfrdwy, at the start of the Welsh Revolt.[17] The revolt briefly brought back the prospect of Welsh independence but it faltered in 1407, and by 1409 Wales was subdued. Glyndŵr eventually retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters, where he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics. The last documented sighting of him was in 1412 and he may have died in 1415.[18]

Edward I of England creating his son as "Prince of Wales" at the Lincoln parliament, England (14th century depiction)

In order to finalise his conquest of Wales, Edward I began the custom of granting the title of Prince of Wales to the heir apparent to the English throne.[19] Consequently, in 1301, Edward invested his Welsh-born eldest son, Edward of Caernarfon, as the first Plantagenet Prince of Wales.[20]

Writing in Britannia, William Camden describes the killing of Llywelyn and Edward's use of the title "Prince of Wales" for his son:[21]

As concerning the Princes of Wales of British bloud in ancient times, you may reade in the Historie of Wales published in print. For my part I thinke it requisite and pertinent to my intended purpose to set downe summarily those of latter daies, descended from the roiall line of England. King Edward the First, unto whom his father King Henrie the Third had granted the Principalitie of Wales, when hee had obtained the Crowne and Lhewellin Ap Gryffith, the last Prince of the British race, was slain, and therby the sinewes as it were of the principalitie were cut, in the twelft yeere of his reigne united the same unto the Kingdome of England. And the whole province sware fealty and alleageance unto Edward of Caernarvon his sonne, whom hee made Prince of Wales. But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.[22]

— William Camden, Britannia (1607)

Depiction of the "Honours of the Principality of Wales" created for the 1911 for the investiture of Edward (later Edward VIII).

The title is neither automatic nor heritable; it merges with the Crown when its holder eventually accedes to the throne, or reverts to the Crown if its holder predeceases the current monarch, leaving the sovereign free to grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother).[23]

In 2011, along with the other Commonwealth realms, the United Kingdom committed to the Perth Agreement, which proposed changes to the laws governing succession, including altering the male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.[24] The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 was introduced to the British parliament on 12 December 2012, published the next day, and received royal assent on 25 April 2013.[25] It was brought into force on 26 March 2015,[26] at the same time as the other realms implemented the Perth Agreement in their own laws.[27]

Since 1301, the title 'Earl of Chester' has generally been granted to each heir apparent to the English throne, and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of 'Prince of Wales'. Both titles are bestowed to each individual by the sovereign and are not automatically acquired.[28]

The Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours, if the eldest son of the monarch; typically this means being Duke of Cornwall, which, unlike being Prince of Wales, inherently includes lands and constitutional and operational responsibilities. The duchy of Cornwall was created in 1337 by Edward III for his son and heir, Edward of Woodstock (also known as 'The Black Prince'). A charter was also created which ruled that the eldest son of the king would be the Duke of Cornwall.[29]

No formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to the prince of Wales by law or custom. In that role, Charles often assisted Elizabeth II in the performance of her duties. He represented her when welcoming dignitaries to London and during state visits. He also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as funerals.[30] The Prince of Wales has also been granted the authority to issue royal warrants.[31]

Arms of English heir apparent, Edward the Black Prince

The Prince of Wales's feathers are the badge of the Prince of Wales by virtue of being the heir apparent.[32] The ostrich feathers are generally traced back to Edward of Woodstock ('The Black Prince'). He bore (as an alternative to his differenced royal arms) a shield of Sable, three ostrich feathers argent, described as his "shield for peace", probably meaning the shield he used for jousting. These arms appear several times on his chest tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, alternating with his paternal royal arms (the royal arms of King Edward III differenced by a label of three points argent).[33] The Black Prince also used heraldic badges of one or more ostrich feathers in various other contexts.[34]

Two investiture protestors hold placards with "CARLO", and one protestor holds a poster with the word "BRAD" ("Betrayal"), Caernarfon Castle 1969

People at the investiture

Although the investiture of Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969 took place during a period of social change and a growing Welsh nationalist movement, it was largely welcomed by people in Wales.[35] The investiture was also attended, by invitation, by 3,500 people who lived and worked in Wales.[36] In the UK, the press focused on the pomp and regalia, with newspaper headlines such as "Welsh go wild for Their Royal Prince" and "Proud Wales takes Prince to her heart."[37] It was also supported by the Secretary of State for Wales at the time, George Thomas, although he remained a controversial figure in Wales.[38] Thomas later said to Prime Minister Harold Wilson that Charles's speech had "boosted Welsh nationalism."[37]

The 1960s movement surrounding the investiture has historically been described as the "anti-investiture movement"[39]^: 207[40][41] and "anti-investiture sentiment".[42] The investiture occurred during a period of revival of the Welsh national consciousness, with an outspoken section considering him as an English Prince being imposed upon Wales.[43] The investiture also led to significant protests in Wales. The group "Cofia 1282" ("Remember 1282") also held protests against the investiture.[44]

On 9 September 2022 (the day after his accession to the throne), during his first address as king, Charles III said of his son William, "Today I am proud to create him Prince of Wales, Tywysog Cymru. The country whose title I've been so greatly privileged to bear during so much of my life of duty."[45] Buckingham Palace stated that "The Prince and Princess [of Wales] look forward to celebrating Wales's proud history and traditions as well as a future that is full of promise".[46] The First Minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford, noted that "William will be absolutely aware of the sensitivities that surround the title..."[45] Though the title started to be used immediately afterward, it was only officially bestowed by letters patent on 13 February 2023.[47][48]

Charles III proclaimed William as Prince of Wales on 9 September 2022, the day after the death of Elizabeth II, surprising Mark Drakeford, First Minister of Wales, who said he had not been given notice of the announcement. The creation of a new Prince of Wales was the catalyst for a renewed debate on the title, and already, on 8 September, a petition had been started calling for the title to be ended. The petition had garnered 25,000 signatures in its first few days.[49]

Former Welsh Assembly presiding officer, Lord Elis-Thomas, had also questioned the need for the title to continue, and recalled previous discussion with the then Prince Charles, who expressed his desire never again to have an investiture in Caernarfon Castle. According to Elis-Thomas, Charles laughed and said, "Do you think I want to put William through what I went through?".[50]

The question raised by critics was one of respect for Wales as a country in its own right, and the continued symbol of the historical invasion and oppression of Wales. William pledged that he would serve Wales with humility and great respect for its people, and spoke of the honour he felt to do so. He signalled a desire to reform the role.[51]

The contemporary debate does not focus wholly on abolition, but explores how, if the title is to continue, it may be adapted to reflect the realities of the changing constitutional relationship with Wales. This includes the question of whether the Welsh Government should play a greater role in the appointments process, or whether there should be a Senedd ceremonial process to reflect the nation’s governance over its own affairs.[49]

A BBC Wales poll in 1999 showed that 73% of Welsh speakers believed the title should continue after Charles.[52] A BBC poll in 2009, 40 years following the investiture, revealed 58% of Welsh people support the title "Prince of Wales"; 26% opposed the title. However, only 16% responded that Wales had benefited from having a prince.[53][54]

In July 2018, an ITV poll found that 57% of Welsh people supported the title passing to William, with 22% for abolition or vacating the title. Support for another investiture was lower, with 31% supporting a ceremony similar to the 1969 one, 18% supporting a ceremony different to 1969, and 27% opposing an investiture.[55]

In 2019, a BBC Wales poll showed that 50% supported the continuation of the title and 22% opposed. On the investiture, 41% supported a similar ceremony to 1969, 20% a different-style investiture ceremony, and 30% opposed any future investiture.[56][57] A 2021 poll by Beaufort Research for Western Mail showed 61% of respondents in Wales supported another investiture, including 60% of Welsh-speakers polled.[58]

In June 2022, an ITV/YouGov poll showed that 46% of adults in Wales wanted the Prince of Wales title to continue, and 31% said it should be abolished.[59] In September 2022, a YouGov poll showed 66% support for Prince William to be given the title compared to 22% opposed, with 19% supporting a 1969-style investiture, 30% a different style of investiture and 34% opposing any investiture of Prince William as Prince of Wales.[60]