Portuguese-style bullfighting

Most Portuguese bullfights (corridas de touros) are held in two phases: the spectacle of the cavaleiro, followed by the pega. In Portugal, the main stars of bullfighting are the cavaleiros, as opposed to Spain, where the matadores are the most prominent bullfighters. Nevertheless, bullfights with matadores are frequent, notably with Portuguese matadores who practice their trade in Spain and who, when in Portugal, replace the sword in their final strike with a bandarilha, a small type of spear. Examples of famous Portuguese matadores are Vítor Mendes and Pedrito de Portugal.

The spectacle starts with the cavaleiro, a horseman on a Lusitano specially trained for the fights, fighting the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four bandeirilhas in the back of the bull.

Pega de caras

In the second stage, called the pega, the forcados, a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any protection or weapon of defense. The front man provokes the bull into a charge to perform a pega de cara or pega de caras (face catch). The front man secures the animal's head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he is subdued. Many people who watch Portuguese-style bullfights in the United States use the term, "suicide squad", to refer to this group of eight men.

The bull is not killed, at the end of the corrida, leading oxen are let into the arena and two campinos on foot herd the bull along them back to its pen. After the fight the bull may be either killed by a professional butcher or, after a good performance, restored to health and released to pasture for breeding. Nevertheless, tradition was so strong at the small frontier town of Barrancos, where the bull was illegally killed, that the government was forced to relent and permit the town to follow its ancient matador tradition and kill the bull.

There are other forms of traditional bullfighting in Portugal, some differing markedly from the version described above. In the Azores, bullfighting is often reminiscent of the running of the bulls in Pamplona, Spain, in the respect that those most at risk are human beings, not the bulls themselves. The Azorean style involves a group of people vying in a tug-of-war with a young bull by holding fast to a long stout rope tied around the bull's neck. This is called the tourada à corda (bull-on-a-rope 'game'). Portuguese immigrants from the Azores also practice "tourada a corda" in the city of Brampton, southern Ontario, Canada.[3]

  ANMP municipalities

  Non-ANMP municipalities that have declared tauromachy immaterial cultural heritage

  ANMP municipalities that have not declared tauromachy as immaterial cultural heritage.

  ANMP municipalities that have rejected to declare tauromachy as immaterial cultural heritage (Tomar).

  Non-ANMP municipalities that have rejected to declare tauromachy as immaterial cultural heritage (Abrantes).

Some southern and central regions of Portugal, such as Ribatejo and parts of the Alentejo, as well as Terceira Island in the Azores, are traditionally more interested in the corrida de touros. In Portugal's northern regions, bullfighting has a much lower presence, except for Póvoa de Varzim where bullfighting arenas are known to exist, at various locations, since the 18th century.

Some Portuguese municipalities have declared bullfighting immaterial cultural heritage, and become members of the Section of Municipalities with Tauromachic Activities of the National Association of Portuguese Municipalities (ANMP); others have implicitly or explicitly refused to do so.[4]

RTP has historically shown bullfights in prime-time; the practice has been criticized, with left-wing parties proposing legislation to prevent bullfighting being shown on the public broadcasting network[5] or changing the rating of the show to an adults-only classification.[6] RTP ceased to broadcast bullfights since 2021.[7]

Queen Maria II of Portugal prohibited bullfighting in 1836 with the argument that it was unbefitting for a civilised nation. The ban was lifted in 1921, but in 1928 a law was passed that forbade the killing of the bull during a fight.

In 2001, matador Pedrito de Portugal controversially killed a bull at the end of a fight after spectators encouraged him to do so by chanting "Kill the bull! Kill the bull!"[8] The crowds gave Pedrito a standing ovation, hoisted him on their shoulders and paraded him through the streets.[8] Hours later the police arrested him and charged him with a fine, but they released him after crowds of angry fans surrounded the police station.[8] A long court case ensued, finally resulting in Pedrito's conviction in 2007 with a fine of €100,000.[8]

In 2002, after a national referendum, the Portuguese government gave Barrancos a dispensation from the 1928 ban. In 2014, the same exception was granted to Reguengos de Monsaraz, where a festivity featuring the killing of bulls took place every year despite the ban; the annual event was then recognised as a tradition by a Beja Court, which guaranteed access to the exception.[9]

In 2009, the northern city of Viana do Castelo prohibited bullfighting in all instances when a municipality's permit was required.[10] This decision was contested in 2012 by a Braga court and bullfighting was permitted again in the municipality.

In June 2018, the Póvoa de Varzim municipality announced a bullfighting ban starting January 1, 2019;[11] pro-bullfighting groups interceded against this prohibition and in September 2019, a court in Porto ruled that the ban was unconstitutional.[12][13] The city of Póvoa de Varzim has approved the demolition of the Póvoa de Varzim Bullfighting Arena, its municipal bullfighting ring.[14]

In July 2018, animalist party PAN presented a proposal at the Portuguese Parliament to abolish all types of bullfighting in the country. Left-wing party Left Bloc voted in favour of the proposal but criticised its lack of solutions to the foreseen consequences of the abolition. The proposal was however categorically rejected by all other parties, that cited freedom of choice and respect for tradition as arguments against it.[15][16]