Portal:1990s

The 1990s Portal

From top left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth after it was launched in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; the World Wide Web gains a public face at the start of the decade and gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin greets crowds after the failed August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died in 1997 in a car crash in Paris, and was mourned by millions; hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994, which would become a factor in initiating the Second Congo War of 1998.

The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties"; shortened to "the '90s") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999.

Culturally, the 1990s are characterized by the rise of multiculturalism and alternative media, which continues into the present day. Movements such as hip hop, the rave scene and grunge spread around the world to young people during that decade, aided by then-new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web.

In the absence of world communism, which collapsed in the first two years of the decade, the 1990s was politically defined by a movement towards the right-wing, including increase in support for far-right parties in Europe[1] as well as the advent of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party[2] and cuts in social spending in the United States,[3] Canada,[4] New Zealand,[5] and the UK.[6] The United States also saw a massive revival in the use of the death penalty in the 1990s, which reversed in the early 21st century.[7] During the 1990s the character of the European Union and Euro were formed and codified in treaties.

A combination of factors, including the continued mass mobilization of capital markets through neo-liberalism, the thawing of the decades-long Cold War, the beginning of the widespread proliferation of new media such as the Internet from the middle of the decade onwards, increasing skepticism towards government, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world and within countries. The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001.

The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology, with the World Wide Web, the first gene therapy trial, and the first designer babies[8] all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade.

New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, the former two which led to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, respectively. Signs of any resolution of tensions between Israel and the Arab world remained elusive despite the progress of the Oslo Accords, though The Troubles in Northern Ireland came to a standstill in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of violence.[9]

Selected article -

Map showing the AFDL offensive

The First Congo War (1996–1997), also nicknamed Africa's First World War, was a civil war and international military conflict which took place mostly in Zaire (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo), with major spillovers into Sudan and Uganda. The conflict culminated in a foreign invasion that replaced Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko with the rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Kabila's unstable government subsequently came into conflict with his allies, setting the stage for the Second Congo War in 1998–2003.

Following years of internal strife, dictatorship and economic decline, Zaire was a dying state by 1996. The eastern parts of the country had been destabilized due to the Rwandan genocide which had perforated its borders, as well as long-lasting regional conflicts and resentments left unresolved since the Congo Crisis. In many areas state authority had in all but name collapsed, with infighting militias, warlords, and rebel groups (some sympathetic to the government, others openly hostile) wielding effective power. The population of Zaire had become restless and resentful of the inept and corrupt regime; the Zairean Armed Forces were in a catastrophic condition. Mobutu, who had become terminally ill, was no longer able to keep the different factions in the government under control, making their loyalty questionable. Furthermore, the end of the Cold War meant that Mobutu's strong anti-communist stance was no longer sufficient to justify the political and financial support he had received from the capitalist powers – his regime, therefore, was essentially politically and financially bankrupt. (Full article...)

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Did you know (auto-generated) -

... that just four days before his death in 2004, David B. McCall received a presidential pardon from George W. Bush for fraud charges dating from the 1990s?
... that Univel was an early-1990s attempt to compete with Microsoft on the desktop, but one industry consultant said of the company's goal, "they're dreaming"?
... that according to an elaborate 1990s joke, Elmo Aardvark was history's first animated cartoon character?
... that the singer Luci van Org followed up her mainstream success from the 1990s by starting a "Latin–disco–pop–country crossover" band?
... that surgeon Margaret Louden developed a treatment for people crushed by rubble during the The Blitz, but her contribution was forgotten until the 1990s?
... that Nippon Steel, one of Japan's largest steelmakers, sold notebook computers in the U.S. in the early 1990s?

Selected picture

Apartheid

Nelson Mandela voting during the South African general election, 1994, which marked the end of Apartheid

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Selected biography -

Combs performing in 2010

Sean Love Combs (born Sean John Combs; November 4, 1969), also known by his stage names Puff Daddy, P. Diddy, or Diddy, is an American rapper, record producer, record executive and actor. Born in Harlem, Combs worked as a talent director at Uptown Records before founding his own record label, Bad Boy Records, in 1993. Combs has produced and cultivated artists such as the Notorious B.I.G., Mary J. Blige, and Usher.

Combs' debut album, No Way Out (1997), has been certified seven times platinum. The album was followed up with Forever (1999), The Saga Continues... (2001), and Press Play (2006). In 2009, Combs formed the musical group Diddy – Dirty Money with singers Kalenna Harper and Dawn Richard; they released their collaborative album Last Train to Paris. In September 2023, Combs released his fifth studio album, The Love Album: Off the Grid. (Full article...)

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General images -

The following are images from various 1990s-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Galaxian3: Project Dragoon (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 2Virtual Boy (1995) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 3Thalía rose to fame as a member of the musical group Timbiriche. (from 1990s in music)
Image 4Polo shirt with popped collar. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 5The 1999 İzmit earthquake, which occurred in northwestern Turkey, killed 17,217 and injured 43,959. (from 1990s)
Image 6Rwandan genocide: Genocide victims in Murambi Technical School. Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan genocide as high as 800,000 people. (from 1990s)
Image 7Dancers at America's Snoqualmie Moondance Festival in 1992 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 8The logo created by The President's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion, for use on Y2K.gov (from 1990s)
Image 9Crowd of rave-goers, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 10Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle, Washington. (from 1990s in music)
Image 11Electronic musician and DJ James Lavelle dressed in club attire, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 12The Smashing Pumpkins (from 1990s in music)
Image 13Britney Spears became one of the most successful pop singers of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 14Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, United States President Bill Clinton, and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat during the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993. (from 1990s)
Image 15The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992. (from 1990s)
Image 16Robbie Williams, 2009 (from 1990s in music)
Image 17Dutch high school prom, 1994 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 18Slap bracelet worn by young girls in the early-1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 19Celine Dion became one of the best-selling singers of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 20Bomber jacket with orange lining, popular from the mid-late 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 21The catsuit became a trend in the late 1990s. Normally made of latex, PVC, or spandex, it was often worn with high-heeled boots. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 22Nelson Mandela voting in 1994, after thirty years of imprisonment. (from 1990s)
Image 23US, Canadian, and Mexican dignitaries initialing the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992 (from 1990s)
Image 24Red and cream Indian woman's saree, late 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 25Double breasted power suit with large shoulder pads worn in the European workplace, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 26Acid washed jean shorts with grunge and hippie inspired DIY slogans and pictures. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 27Actress Paula Abdul wearing semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup, 1990. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 28Black Barbour bucket hat. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 29Women's rights demonstration in Paris, November 1995 (from 1990s)
Image 30Trio in 1995 wearing neutral-colored tops and relaxed-fit, slim-leg pants and jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 31Pavement (from 1990s in music)
Image 32Church members exhibiting assorted fashion trends, Amman, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 33Dreamcast (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 34Seinfeld, which premiered on NBC in 1989, became a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993. (from 1990s)
Image 35The German electronic rock duo Das Ich, 1993. Their aspect shows the influence of the goth look which returned in the 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 36Tim McGraw (from 1990s in music)
Image 37Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. (from 1990s)
Image 38Woman dressed in black maxi skirt, top and hat, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 39Group of young children displaying various fashion trends, Amman, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 40Nirvana brought both grunge and alternative rock to the mainstream in late 1991. (from 1990s in music)
Image 41Actress Liv Tyler sporting a pixie cut, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 42Lauryn Hill was one of the most successful hip hop female artists of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 43Cargo pants. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 44Long maxi skirt in a Liberty floral print. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 45Big Bad Voodoo Daddy (from 1990s in music)
Image 46The Dutch Eurodance act 2 Unlimited was one of the most successful electronic music acts of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 47From top left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth after it was launched in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; the World Wide Web gains a public face at the start of the decade and gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin greets crowds after the failed August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died in 1997 in a car crash in Paris, and was mourned by millions; hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994, which would become a factor in initiating the Second Congo War of 1998. (from 1990s)
Image 48Yitzhak Rabin (from 1990s)
Image 49Example of 1990s men's and women's fashion (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 50Nintendo 64 (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 51Nude and darker shades of lipstick seemed popular throughout the decade. (Fran Drescher, 1996) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 52Group of high school students, 1997 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 53Pagers became widely popular. (from 1990s)
Image 54Luis Miguel, first Latin idol of the decade. (from 1990s in music)
Image 55Model wearing a midriff shirt, a silver necklace, low ponytail and straight-leg leggings, 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 56Bush and Gorbachev at the 1990 Helsinki summit. (from 1990s)
Image 57The highest-grossing film of the decade was James Cameron's Titanic (1997), which remains one of the highest-grossing films of all time. (from 1990s)
Image 58Mariah Carey was declared the Artist of the Decade of the 1990s by Billboard. (from 1990s in music)
Image 59Atari Jaguar (1993) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 60Garth Brooks (from 1990s in music)
Image 613DO Interactive Multiplayer (1993) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 62The English electronic dance music group the Prodigy was one of the most successful electronic music groups of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 63A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International since moved to St Pancras International (from 1990s)
Image 64Garage punk band, 1997 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 65Slip dresses first became widely worn in the mid-1990s, as part of the underwear-as-outerwear trend. (Jane Leeves, 1995) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 66Razer Boomslang (first gaming mouse, 1999) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 67Moby, 2009 (from 1990s in music)
Image 68Lois McMaster Bujold with pixie cut and denim western shirt, 1996 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 69Nine Inch Nails (from 1990s in music)
Image 70Neo Geo (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 71Sega Saturn (1994) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 72Example of late 1990s gothic fashion. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 73Eurostar logo 1994–2011 (from 1990s)
Image 74Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day (from 1990s in music)
Image 75Red Hot Chili Peppers (from 1990s in music)
Image 76The American vocal group Backstreet Boys became one of the most commercially successful boy bands of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 77A typical early 1990s personal computer. (from 1990s)
Image 78Chokers, popular in the mid and late-1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 79Microsoft SideWinder Force Feedback Pro (1997) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 80Korn performing live at the Metaltown Festival in June 2011 (from 1990s in music)
Image 81Jonathan Brandis in a Grunge-style flannel shirt and curtained hair in 1993 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 82Go-go boots became fashionable again in 1995. They were worn by women of the hip-hop, alternative, and dance subcultures. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 83Oasis were the biggest band of the 1990s Britpop scene and the only band to make a significant impact in the US market. (from 1990s in music)
Image 84Flag map of the world from 1992 (from 1990s)
Image 85Typical late 1990s fashions, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 86Hubble Space Telescope. (from 1990s)
Image 87Friends, which premiered on NBC in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time. From left, clockwise: Lisa Kudrow, Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Matthew Perry, Matt LeBlanc, and David Schwimmer, the six main actors of Friends. (from 1990s)
Image 88Bob cuts were favored by women. (Saffron, 1996) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 89Grunge clothing, popular from 1991 to 1996. (Kurt Cobain, 1992) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 90The Dow Jones Index of the 1990s (from 1990s)
Image 91Gloria Estefan (from 1990s in music)
Image 92Street Fighter II (arcade, 1991) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 93Argentine fashion spread focused on miniskirts, 1994. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 94Block-heeled shoes, popular from 1995 until 2001. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 95D'Angelo is considered a key pioneer of the neo-soul movement. (from 1990s in music)
Image 96A Dassault Falcon 50 similar to the one shot down in the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira (from 1990s)
Image 97US First Lady Hillary Clinton wearing straw hat, 1995 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 98Game Gear (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 99The federal building that was bombed in the Oklahoma City bombing two days after the bombing, viewed from across the adjacent parking lot. (from 1990s)
Image 100Baseball jackets were popular among hip-hop fans in the mid-1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 101Dance Dance Revolution (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 102Game Boy Color (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 103Swedish teenager with mullet haircut and abstract jumper, 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 104Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton share a laugh in October 1995. (from 1990s)
Image 105An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121. (from 1990s)
Image 106Metal Slug (arcade, 1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 107PlayStation (1994) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 108Blue wide-leg jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 109Butterfly and floral clips, worn in the mid and late 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 110Sasha using Ableton Live at a nightclub. (from 1990s in music)
Image 111Young man in 1995, sporting a short undercut hairstyle. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 112Game Boy Pocket (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 113Two women wearing bandanas, 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 114Young woman standing on sidewalk, Uptown New Orleans, 1992. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 115Woman wearing cropped top and bell-bottomed pants, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 116Swedish hip-hop fans watch Public Enemy perform in 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 117Alanis Morissette (from 1990s in music)
Image 118Maná in concert. (from 1990s in music)
Image 119Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 120Dannii Minogue (from 1990s in music)
Image 121A pair of British Knights (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 122Miniature model from MS Estonia (from 1990s)
Image 123African-American teenager with Hitop fade, popular in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 124Thrustmaster T2 (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 125La Oreja de Van Gogh (The Ear of Van Gogh) a Basque pop band from Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. (from 1990s in music)
Image 126Game.com (1997) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 127Converse All Stars, popular in the early 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 128In 1994, Lisa Loeb became the first artist to score a No. 1 hit with "Stay (I Missed You)" before signing to any record label. (from 1990s in music)
Image 129Woman with Rachel haircut, late 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 130Women's side gusset shoes popular during the mid and late 1990s among preppy and hip-hop subculture. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 131Blink-182 performing in 1995, whose 1999 album Enema of The State became a pivotal moment for contemporary pop punk (from 1990s)
Image 132Dixie Chicks (from 1990s in music)
Image 133Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade. (from 1990s)
Image 134Whitney Houston was certified as the best-selling female R&B artist of the 20th century by the Recording Industry Association of America. (from 1990s in music)

1990s films -

These are Good articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.

Image 1
We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story is a 1993 British-American animated adventure comedy film directed by Dick Zondag, Ralph Zondag, Phil Nibbelink, and Simon Wells from a screenplay by John Patrick Shanley. Based on the 1987 Hudson Talbott children's book of the same name, it tells the story of three dinosaurs and one pterosaur who travel to the present day and become intelligent by eating a "Brain Grain" cereal invented by scientist Captain Neweyes. The film was produced by Steven Spielberg's Amblimation studio and features the voices of John Goodman, Felicity Kendal, Charles Fleischer, Walter Cronkite, Jay Leno, Julia Child, Kenneth Mars, Yeardley Smith, and Martin Short.

We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story was released by Universal Pictures on November 24, 1993; it was marketed as the more family-friendly equivalent of Spielberg's Jurassic Park, which was released the same year. The film became a box-office bomb, grossing only $9.3 million worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics: while its animation, score, and voice performances were praised, most criticisms targeted its story, pacing, and lack of character development. (Full article...)
Image 2
Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation is a 1992 American animated comedy film from Warner Bros. Animation and Amblin Entertainment, originally intended for theatrical exhibition. Featuring the regular characters from the Fox Kids animated television program Tiny Toon Adventures, the plot follows their summer vacation from school, mainly focused on Babs and Buster going downriver, Plucky and Hamton going to a world-famous amusement park, and Fifi in search of her favorite movie star.

Steven Spielberg served as executive producer, with writing by Paul Dini, Nicholas Hollander, Tom Ruegger and Sherri Stoner. Japanese animation studio Tokyo Movie Shinsha (now known as TMS Entertainment) produced the animation. How I Spent My Vacation was released on both VHS and LaserDisc formats on Wednesday, March 11, 1992. It was the first feature length animated film to be released direct-to-video in the United States. The film was later aired on television as four separate Tiny Toon Adventures episodes. The events of the film take place between the second and third seasons of Tiny Toons Adventures. (Full article...)
Image 3
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace is a 1999 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It stars Liam Neeson, Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Jake Lloyd, Ahmed Best, Ian McDiarmid, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, Pernilla August and Frank Oz. It is the fourth film in the Star Wars film series, the first film of the prequel trilogy and the first chronological chapter of the "Skywalker Saga". Set 32 years before the original trilogy, (13 years before the formation of the Galactic Empire), during the era of the Galactic Republic, the plot follows Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi as they try to protect Queen Padmé Amidala of Naboo in hopes of securing a peaceful end to an interplanetary trade dispute. Joined by Anakin Skywalker—a young slave with unusually strong natural powers of the Force—they simultaneously contend with the mysterious return of the Sith. The film was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Following the release of Return of the Jedi (1983), talks of a follow-up were proposed, but Lucas was unmotivated to return to the franchise. During the hiatus, the backstories he created for the characters, particularly Anakin's own backstory, sparked interest in him to develop a prequel trilogy during the 1990s. After he determined that computer-generated imagery (CGI) had advanced to the level he wanted for the prequel trilogy's visual effects, Lucas began writing The Phantom Menace in 1993, and production began in 1994. Filming started on June 26, 1997—at locations including Leavesden Film Studios and the Tunisian desert—and ended on September 30. The film marked Lucas' first directorial effort after a 22-year hiatus following the original Star Wars[lower-alpha 1] in 1977. (Full article...)
Image 4
Fantasia 2000 is a 1999 American animated musical anthology film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Produced by Roy E. Disney and Donald W. Ernst, it is the 38th Disney animated feature film and the sequel to Disney's 1940 animated feature film Fantasia. Like its predecessor, Fantasia 2000 consists of animated segments set to pieces of classical music. Celebrities including Steve Martin, Itzhak Perlman, Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, James Earl Jones, Penn & Teller, James Levine, and Angela Lansbury introduce a segment in live action scenes directed by Don Hahn.

After numerous unsuccessful attempts to develop a Fantasia sequel, The Walt Disney Company revived the idea shortly after Michael Eisner became chief executive officer in 1984. Development paused until the commercial success of the 1991 home video release of Fantasia convinced Eisner that there was enough public interest and funds for a sequel, to which he assigned Disney as executive producer. The music for six of the film's eight segments is performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine. The film includes The Sorcerer's Apprentice from the 1940 original. Each new segment was produced by combining traditional animation with computer-generated imagery. (Full article...)
Image 5
The Mambo Kings is a 1992 musical drama film based on the 1989 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos. The film was directed and produced by Arne Glimcher, and stars Armand Assante, Antonio Banderas, Cathy Moriarty and Maruschka Detmers. Set in the early 1950s, the story follows Cesar (Assante) and Nestor Castillo (Banderas), brothers and aspiring musicians who find success and stardom after fleeing from Havana, Cuba to New York City to escape danger. The film marks Glimcher's directing debut, and features Banderas in his first English-language role.

Glimcher acquired the film rights one year before the novel was published and hired Cynthia Cidre to write the script. The film was rejected by several studios, and after an unsuccessful pre-production at Universal Pictures, the project moved to Warner Bros. The production was allocated a budget of $15.5 million jointly financed by Warner Bros., Le Studio Canal+ and Regency Enterprises. The film was shot on location in Los Angeles, California, with principal photography beginning in March 1991, and concluding after 50 days. (Full article...)
Image 6
JFK is a 1991 American epic political thriller film written and directed by Oliver Stone. The film examines the investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy by New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison, who came to believe there was a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy and that Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone.

The film's screenplay was adapted by Stone and Zachary Sklar from the books On the Trail of the Assassins by Garrison and Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs. Stone described this account as a "counter-myth" to the Warren Commission's "fictional myth". JFK has been considered controversial due to its embracement of conspiracy theories. Many major American newspapers ran editorials criticizing Stone of taking away liberties with historical facts, including the film's implication that Kennedy's Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was part of a coup d'état to kill Kennedy. (Full article...)
Image 7
Star Trek: Insurrection is a 1998 American science fiction film directed by Jonathan Frakes. It is the ninth film in the Star Trek film series, as well as the third to star the cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation, with F. Murray Abraham, Donna Murphy, and Anthony Zerbe appearing in main roles. In the film, the crew of the USS Enterprise-E rebels against Starfleet after they discover a conspiracy with a species known as the Son'a to steal the peaceful Ba'ku's planet for its rejuvenating properties.

Paramount Pictures sought a change of pace after Star Trek: First Contact (1996). Michael Piller was asked to write the script of the next installment, which was created from story ideas by Piller and producer Rick Berman. The story's first drafts featured the Romulans, and the Son'a and Ba'ku were introduced in its third draft. After Ira Steven Behr reviewed the script, Piller revised it and added a subplot involving a romantic interest for Jean-Luc Picard. The film's ending was further revised after test screenings. The special effects depicting outer space were completely computer generated, a first for a Star Trek film. The Ba'ku village was fully built on location at Lake Sherwood, California, but suffered weather damage. Sets from the television series Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine were reused and redressed. Michael Westmore created the make-up for the new alien races, and Robert Blackman revised the Starfleet dress uniform designs. Sanja Milkovic Hayes created costumes for the Ba'ku from cellulose fibers, which were baked and glued together. Jerry Goldsmith produced the film's score, his fourth for the franchise. (Full article...)
Image 8
Strange Days is a 1995 American science fiction thriller film directed by Kathryn Bigelow, from a screenplay by James Cameron and Jay Cocks, and based on a story by Cameron. The film stars Ralph Fiennes, Angela Bassett, Juliette Lewis, Tom Sizemore, Vincent D'Onofrio, and Michael Wincott. Set in Los Angeles on the last two days of 1999, the film follows Lenny Nero (Fiennes), a black marketeer of an electronic device that allows a user to experience the recorded memories and physical sensations of other people, and Lornette "Mace" Mason (Bassett), a bodyguard and limousine driver, as they are drawn into a criminal conspiracy involving Nero's ex-girlfriend Faith Justin (Lewis) and the murder of a prostitute.

Although Strange Days was conceived by Cameron around 1986, Bigelow found inspiration from high profile incidents such as the Lorena Bobbitt incident and the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Principal photography began in Los Angeles on June 6, 1994, and concluded on October 14. Several of the film's scenes, which offer a point-of-view shot, required multi-faceted cameras and considerable technical preparation. (Full article...)
Image 9
The Rocketeer (released internationally as The Adventures of the Rocketeer) is a 1991 American period superhero film from Walt Disney Pictures and Touchstone Pictures. It was produced by Charles Gordon, Lawrence Gordon, and Lloyd Levin, directed by Joe Johnston, and stars Billy Campbell, Jennifer Connelly, Alan Arkin, Timothy Dalton, Paul Sorvino, and Tiny Ron Taylor. It is based on the character of the same name created by comic book artist and writer Dave Stevens.

Set in 1938 Los Angeles, California, The Rocketeer tells the story of stunt pilot Cliff Secord, who discovers a hidden rocket pack that he thereafter uses to fly without the need of an aircraft. His heroic deeds soon attract the attention of Howard Hughes and the FBI, who are hunting for the missing rocket pack, as well as the Nazi operatives that stole it from Hughes. (Full article...)
Image 10
Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat. Set in 1944 in France during World War II, it follows a group of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks), on their mission to locate Private James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon) and bring him home safely after his three brothers are killed in action. The cast also includes Edward Burns, Tom Sizemore, Barry Pepper, Giovanni Ribisi, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, and Jeremy Davies.

Inspired by the books of Stephen E. Ambrose and accounts of casualties among members of a single family such as the Niland brothers, Rodat drafted the script and Paramount Pictures hired him to finish the writing. The project came to the attention of Hanks and Spielberg, whose previous successes secured the project's development. Spielberg wanted to make Saving Private Ryan as authentic as possible, and hired Frank Darabont and Scott Frank to perform uncredited rewrites based on research and interviews with veterans. The main cast went through a week-long boot camp to understand the soldier experience. Filming took place from June to September 1997, on a $65–$70 million budget, almost entirely on location in England and Ireland. The opening Omaha Beach battle was the most demanding scene, costing $12 million to film over four weeks with 1,500 extras. (Full article...)
Image 11
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth. It is based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson and Sally Field. The film follows several decades in the life of a slow-witted and kindhearted Alabama man named Forrest Gump (Hanks) and his experiences in the 20th-century United States. The film differs substantially from the novel.

Principal photography took place between August and December 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate Hanks into archived footage and to develop other scenes. The soundtrack features songs reflecting the different periods seen in the film. (Full article...)
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Species is a 1995 American science fiction thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson and written by Dennis Feldman. It stars Ben Kingsley, Michael Madsen, Alfred Molina, Forest Whitaker, Marg Helgenberger, and Natasha Henstridge in her film debut role. The film's plot concerns a motley crew of scientists and government agents who try to track down Sil (Henstridge), a seductive extraterrestrial-human hybrid, before she successfully mates with a human male.

The film was conceived by Feldman in 1987, and was originally pitched as a film treatment in the style of a police procedural, entitled The Message. When The Message failed to attract the studios, Feldman re-wrote it as a spec script, which ultimately led to the making of the film. The extraterrestrial aspect of Sil's character was created by H. R. Giger, who was also responsible for the beings from the Alien franchise. The effects combined practical models designed by Giger collaborator Steve Johnson and XFX, with computer-generated imagery done by Richard Edlund's Boss Film Studios. Giger felt that the film and the character were too similar to Alien, so he pushed for script changes. (Full article...)
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Audition (オーディション, Ōdishon) is a 1999 horror film directed by Takashi Miike, based on the 1997 novel by Ryu Murakami. Starring Ryo Ishibashi and Eihi Shiina, the film is about a widower, Shigeharu Aoyama (Ishibashi), who stages a phony audition to meet a potential new romantic partner. After interviewing several women, Aoyama becomes interested in Asami (Shiina), whose dark past affects their relationship.

Audition was originally a project of the Japanese company Omega Project, who wanted to make a horror film after the great financial success of their previous production Ring. To create the film, the company purchased the rights to Murakami's book and hired screenwriter Daisuke Tengan and director Miike to film an adaptation. The cast and crew consisted primarily of people Miike had worked with on previous projects, with the exception of Shiina, who had worked as a model prior to her career in film. The film was shot in about three weeks in Tokyo. (Full article...)
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Muthu (transl. Pearl) is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language masala film written and directed by K. S. Ravikumar, and produced by Kavithalayaa Productions. The film stars Rajinikanth, Meena and Sarath Babu; with Radha Ravi, Senthil, Vadivelu, Jayabharathi, Subhashri and Ponnambalam all acting in supporting roles. It is a remake of the Malayalam film Thenmavin Kombath (1994). The film revolves around a zamindar and his worker falling in love with the same woman who, unknown to the zamindar, loves the worker exclusively.

After Rajinikanth narrated the outline of Thenmavin Kombath, he told Ravikumar to develop the screenplay of the remake without watching the original film. Although largely written to suit the tastes of Tamil-speaking audiences, the remake retains the core premise of the original, while adding new plot details and characters. Ashok Rajan acted as the film's cinematographer. Principal photography began in June 1995 and took place in Mysore, Madras and Kerala. The film was edited by K. Thanikachalam and the music composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics written by Vairamuthu. (Full article...)
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The Iron Giant is a 1999 American animated science fiction film produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation and directed by Brad Bird in his directorial debut. It is based on the 1968 novel The Iron Man by Ted Hughes (which was published in the United States as The Iron Giant), and was written by Tim McCanlies from a story treatment by Bird. The film stars the voices of Jennifer Aniston, Harry Connick Jr., Vin Diesel, James Gammon, Cloris Leachman, John Mahoney, Eli Marienthal, Christopher McDonald, and M. Emmet Walsh. Set during the Cold War in 1957, the film centers on a young boy named Hogarth Hughes, who discovers and befriends a giant alien robot. With the help of a beatnik artist named Dean McCoppin, Hogarth attempts to prevent the U.S. military and Kent Mansley, a paranoid federal agent, from finding and destroying the Giant.

The film's development began in 1994 as a musical with the involvement of the Who's Pete Townshend, though the project took root once Bird signed on as director and hired McCanlies to write the screenplay in 1996. The film was animated using traditional animation, with computer-generated imagery used to animate the Iron Giant and other effects. The understaffed crew of the film completed it with half of the time and budget of other animated features. Michael Kamen composed the film's score, which was performed by the Czech Philharmonic. (Full article...)

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Sources

Merkl, Peter; Leonard, Weinberg (2 August 2004). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76421-0.
"India – The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism".
ROSEN, RUTH (27 December 1994). "Which of Us Isn't Taking 'Welfare'? : Poor children rank low in government largess; why is the comfortable class so mean?". Los Angeles Times.
Séguin, Gilles. "Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s – Canadian Social Research Links".
Maloney, Tim (1 May 2002). "Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand". Economica. 69 (274): 273–293. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.00283.
"Policy Exchange – Shaping the Policy Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2014.
https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013
Handyside, AH; Kontogianni, EH; Hardy, K; Winston, RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature. 344 (6268): 768–70. Bibcode:1990Natur.344..768H. doi:10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.

Later titled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope

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This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Merkl, Peter; Leonard, Weinberg (2 August 2004). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76421-0.

[2] "India – The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism".

[3] ROSEN, RUTH (27 December 1994). "Which of Us Isn't Taking 'Welfare'? : Poor children rank low in government largess; why is the comfortable class so mean?". Los Angeles Times.

[4] Séguin, Gilles. "Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s – Canadian Social Research Links".

[5] Maloney, Tim (1 May 2002). "Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand". Economica. 69 (274): 273–293. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.00283.

[6] "Policy Exchange – Shaping the Policy Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2014.

[7] ttps://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013

[8] Handyside, AH; Kontogianni, EH; Hardy, K; Winston, RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature. 344 (6268): 768–70. Bibcode:1990Natur.344..768H. doi:10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.

[9] Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.

[EpIV-10] Later titled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope