Political family

A political family (also referred to as political dynasty) is a family in which multiple members are involved in politics — particularly electoral politics. Members may be related by blood or marriage; often several generations or multiple siblings may be involved.

Portrait of the Loredan family (1507), by Giovanni Bellini. Leonardo Loredan, 75th Doge of Venice, was a member of the Loredan family, one of Venice's most prominent political dynasties. His four sons, depicted in the painting, also held high political positions in the Republic of Venice.[1]

A royal family or dynasty in a monarchy is generally considered to not be a "political family," although the later descendants of a royal family have played political roles in a republic (such as the Arslan family of Lebanon). A family dictatorship is a form of hereditary dictatorship that operates much like an absolute monarchy, yet occurs in a nominally republican state.

United States
Main article: List of United States political families

In the United States, many political families (having at least two generations serving in political office) have arisen since the country's founding.

Presidential
Four noted U.S. political families — Adams, Harrison, Roosevelt and Bush — have each had two members that served as President of the United States

Several presidential families produced multiple generations of members who devoted at least part of their working lives to public service.

Theodore Roosevelt and family
The Kennedys
  • The Lincoln family: Abraham Lincoln, postmaster of New Salem, Illinois (1833), Illinois state House of Representatives (1834–42), U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1847–49), 16th U.S. president (1861–65); his cousin-in-law, John Todd Stuart, U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1839–43, 1863–65), Illinois state Senate (1848–52); President Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln, South Chicago Board of Supervisors (1876–77), U.S. secretary of War (1881–85), U.S. minister to Great Britain (1889–93). (Note 1: President Lincoln's great-grandmother, Abigail Harrison, was a member of the Shenandoah Valley branch of the Harrison family and was related to the James River branch that produced Presidents William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison. Note 2: President Lincoln and Levi Lincoln were fourth cousins; their great-great-grandfathers were brothers. Levi Lincoln served as a Massachusetts state legislator 1797–98, member of the U.S. House of Representatives 1800–01, U.S. attorney general and acting secretary of State in the Jefferson administration, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts 1807–08, and governor of Massachusetts 1808–09.)
  • The Taft family: Alphonso Taft, U.S. secretary of War (1876) and U.S. attorney general (1876–77); his sons, Charles Phelps Taft, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1895–97), and William Howard Taft, 27th U.S. president (1909–13) and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice (1921–30); Charles and William Howard's cousin, Royal C. Taft, governor of Rhode Island (1888–1889); William Howard's sons, Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senate from Ohio (1939–53), and Charles Phelps Taft II, mayor of Cincinnati (1955–57); Robert's son, Robert Taft Jr., U.S. House of Representatives (1963–65, 1967–71) and U.S. Senate (1971–76) from Ohio; Charles II's son, Seth Taft, Cuyahoga County commissioner (1971–78); Robert Jr.'s son, Bob Taft, governor of Ohio (1999–2007).
  • The Roosevelt family: 26th U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–09) and 32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–45), fifth cousins by blood (their great-great-great-grandfathers were brothers) and uncle-in-law and nephew-in-law by marriage. TR and FDR each served as U.S. assistant secretary of the Navy and as governor of New York before serving as president. FDR's wife and Theodore's niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, served as adviser to the president (1933–45), chair of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1946–52), chair of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961–62). TR's descendants: His son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., governor of Puerto Rico (1929–32) and the Philippines (1932–33); Theodore Jr.'s son, Theodore Roosevelt III, Pennsylvania secretary of Commerce (1949–51). FDR and Eleanor's sons: Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from New York (1949–55), U.S. undersecretary of Commerce (1963–65); James Roosevelt, secretary to the President (1937–38), chairman of the California Democratic Party (1946–48), U.S. House of Representatives from California (1955–65); Elliott Roosevelt, mayor of Miami Beach, Florida (1965–67); James's sons, James Roosevelt, co-chair of the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic National Committee (1995 -), and Hall Delano Roosevelt, Long Beach, California, City Council (1996–2000).
  • The Kennedy family: Patrick Joseph Kennedy, Massachusetts state legislator (1884–95); his son, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., chair of the U.S. Maritime Commission (1934–35) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1937–38), and U.S. ambassador to Great Britain (1938–40. Joseph and Rose Kennedy's children included John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. president (1961–63), U.S. House of Representatives (1947–53) and U.S. Senate (1953–61) from Massachusetts; Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. attorney general (1961–64) and U.S. Senate from New York (1965–68); Ted Kennedy, U.S. Senate from Massachusetts (1962–2009); and Jean Kennedy Smith, U.S. ambassador to Ireland (1993–98). Ted Kennedy's widow, Victoria Reggie Kennedy, is U.S. ambassador to Austria (2022–). Joseph and Rose Kennedy's grandchildren include Joseph P. Kennedy II, U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1987–99); Patrick J. Kennedy, U.S. House of Representatives from Rhode Island (1995–2011); Caroline Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to Japan (2013–17) and Australia (2022–); Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, lieutenant governor of Maryland (1995–2003); Mark Shriver, Maryland House of Delegates (1995–2003); Edward M. Kennedy Jr., Connecticut state senator (2015–19); and Bobby Shriver, City Council member and mayor of Santa Monica, California (2004–12). Maria Shriver was First Lady of California (2003–11) and founded the California Museum (her husband, Arnold Schwarzenegger, was governor). Joseph and Rose Kennedy's great-grandchildren include Joe Kennedy III, U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (2013–21) and U.S. envoy to Northern Ireland (2022 - ).[2]
The Bush Family
  • The Bush family: Prescott Bush, U.S. Senator from Connecticut (1952–63); his son, George H. W. Bush, 41st U.S. president (1989–93), U.S. vice president (1981–89), director of Central Intelligence Agency (1976–77), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1971–73), U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1967–71); George H.W.'s sons, George W. Bush, 43rd U.S. president (2001–09) and governor of Texas (1995–2000), and Jeb Bush, governor of Florida (1995–2007); Jeb's son, George P. Bush, Texas Land Commissioner (2015–23).
  • The Clinton family: Bill Clinton, 42nd U.S. president (1993–2001) and governor of Arkansas (1979–81, 1983–92); his wife, Hillary Clinton, U.S. senator from New York (2001–09), U.S. secretary of State (2009–17), and Democratic nominee for President of the United States (2016); President Clinton's uncle, Roy Clinton, Arkansas state House of Representatives (1950s).[3]
The Trumps

Two other presidents were related by blood: James Madison and Zachary Taylor were second cousins. Other presidents were related by marriage: George Washington's nephew, George Steptoe Washington, was Madison's brother-in-law. Dwight Eisenhower's grandson, David Eisenhower, married Julie Nixon, a daughter of Richard Nixon.

Other

The following political families are in the United States. For an extensive alphabetical list, see the article List of United States political families.

  • The Ashcroft family: John Ashcroft, governor of Missouri (1985–93), U.S. Senate from Missouri (1995–2001), U.S. attorney general (2001–05); his son, Jay Ashcroft, secretary of state of Missouri (2017–).
  • The Bayh family: Birch Bayh, Indiana state House of Representatives (1954–62), U.S. Senate from Indiana (1963–81); his son, Evan Bayh, governor of Indiana (1989–97), U.S. Senate from Indiana (1999–2011).
  • The Beshear family: Steve Beshear, attorney general (1979–83), lieutenant governor (1983–87) and governor of Kentucky (2007–15); his son, Andy, attorney general (2016–19) and governor of Kentucky (2019–).
  • The Blunt family: Roy Blunt, U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2011) and U.S. Senate (2011–) from Missouri; his son, Matt Blunt, governor of Missouri (2005–09).
  • The Brown family: Pat Brown, governor of California (1959–67); his son, Jerry Brown, governor of California (1975–83, 2011–19), and mayor of Oakland (1999–2007); Jerry's sister, Kathleen Brown, member of the Los Angeles Board of Education, California State Treasurer (1991–95); Edmund Jr. and Kathleen's cousin, Hal Brown, Marin County Board of Supervisors.
  • The Brzezinski family: Zbigniew Brzezinski, U.S. National Security Advisor (1977–81); his son, Mark Brzezinski, U.S. ambassador to Sweden (2011–15), U.S. ambassador to Poland (2022–).
  • The Casey family: Bob Casey Sr., Pennsylvania Senate (1963–68), Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–77), governor of Pennsylvania (1987–95); his son, Bob Casey Jr., Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1997–2005), treasurer of Pennsylvania (2005–07), U.S. Senate from Pennsylvania (2007–)
  • The Celebrezze family: Frank D. Celebrezze, safety director for the City of Cleveland (1942–47), municipal court judge (1947–53); his brother, Anthony, mayor of Cleveland (1954–61), U.S. secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1961–65), federal judge (1965–98); Frank's sons, Frank Jr., chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court (1978–86), and James, Ohio state House of Representatives (1967–74); Anthony's son, Anthony Jr., Ohio state Senate (1975–78), secretary of state (1978–83), attorney general (1983–91); Frank Jr.'s son, Frank III, appeals court judge, Ohio Supreme Court justice; James's daughter, Leslie, judge, Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas (2009 – ); James' son, Nicholas, Ohio state House of Representatives (2012–19).
  • The Cheney family: Dick Cheney, U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (1979–89), U.S. secretary of Defense (1989–93), and 46th U.S. vice president (2001–09); his daughter, Liz Cheney, U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (2017–23).
  • The Cuomos: Mario Cuomo, governor of New York (1983–94); his son, Andrew Cuomo, U.S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1997–2001), governor of New York (2011–21).
  • The D'Alesandro/Pelosi family: Thomas D'Alesandro Jr., mayor of Baltimore, Maryland (1947–59), U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland (1939–47); his daughter, Nancy Pelosi, U.S. House of Representatives from California (1987–), speaker of the House (2007–11, 2019–23); her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, mayor of Baltimore (1967–71); Nancy's brother-in-law, Ronald Pelosi, San Francisco Board of Supervisors (1968–80); Ronald's nephew, Gavin Newsom, mayor of San Francisco (2004–11), lieutenant governor of California (2011–19), governor of California (2019–).
  • The Daley family: Richard J. Daley, mayor of Chicago (1955–76), widely considered one of the nation's most powerful mayors at the time; his sons, Richard M. Daley, mayor of Chicago (1989–2011); John P. Daley, Illinois state representative, state senator, and Cook County commissioner; William M. Daley, U.S. secretary of Commerce (1997–2000), White House chief of staff (2011–12).
  • The DeWine family: Mike DeWine, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1983–91), U.S. Senate from Ohio (1995–2007), governor of Ohio (2019–); his son, Pat DeWine, justice of the Ohio Supreme Court (2017–).
  • The Dingell family: John Dingell Sr., U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1933–55); his son, John Dingell, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1955–2015); John's wife, Debbie Dingell, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (2015–) (the same seat has been represented by a member of the Dingell family continuously since 1933); John's son, Christopher D. Dingell, Michigan state senator (1987–2003); Michigan circuit court judge.
  • The Ellison family: Keith Ellison, U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota (2007–19), Minnesota attorney general (2019–); his son, Jeremiah Ellison, Minneapolis City Council (2018–).
  • The Ford family: John Ford, Tennessee state Senate (1974–2005); his sister, Ophelia Ford, Tennessee state Senate (2005–14); brother, Emmitt Ford, Tennessee state House of Representatives (1975–81); brother, Harold Ford Sr., Tennessee state House of Representatives (1971–75), U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee (1975–97); Harold's son, Harold Ford Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee (1997–2007).
  • The Gaetz family: Don Gaetz. Florida state Senate (2006–2016), Florida Senate president (2014–2016); his son Matt Gaetz, U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2015–present)
  • The Gilligan family: John J. Gilligan, U.S. House of Representatives (1965–67), governor of Ohio (1971–75); his daughter, Kathleen Sebelius, governor of Kansas (2003–09), U.S. secretary of Health and Human Services (2009–14).
  • The Gore family: Albert Gore Sr., U.S. House of Representatives (1939–53) and U.S. Senate (1953–71) from Tennessee; his son, Al Gore, U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85) and U.S. Senate from Tennessee (1985–93), 45th U.S. vice president (1993–2001).
  • The Hanna family: Mark Hanna, U.S. Senate from Ohio (1896–1904), chairman of the Republican National Committee (1897–1904); his daughter Ruth Hanna McCormick, U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1929–31).
  • The Huckabee family: Mike Huckabee, lieutenant governor (1993–96) and governor (1996–2007) of Arkansas; his daughter, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, White House press secretary (2017–19), governor of Arkansas (2023–).
  • The Jones family: Walter B. Jones Sr., Democrat, U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1966–1992); his son, Walter B. Jones Jr., Republican, U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1995–2019).
  • The Key family: Annie L. Key, Ohio state House of Representatives (2001–06); her daughter, Stephanie Howse, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–22), Cleveland City Council (2022–).
  • The Kyl family: John Henry Kyl, U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa (1959–65, 1967–73); his son, Jon Kyl, U.S. House of Representatives (1987–95) and U.S. Senate from Arizona (1995–2013, 2018).
  • The Landrieu family: Moon Landrieu, Louisiana state House of Representatives (1960–66), mayor of New Orleans (1970–78), U.S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1979–81); his daughter, Mary Landrieu, Louisiana state House of Representatives (1980–88), Louisiana state treasurer (1988–96), U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1997–2015); her brother, Mitch Landrieu Louisiana state representative (1988–2004), lieutenant governor of Louisiana (2004–10), mayor of New Orleans (2010–18), senior adviser to President Biden for infrastructure coordination (2021–).
  • The LaTourette family: Steve LaTourette, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1995–2013); his daughter, Sarah LaTourette, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–19).
  • The Levin family: Sander Levin, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1983–2019); his brother, Carl Levin, U.S. Senate from Michigan (1979–2015); Sander's son, Andy Levin, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (2019–2023).
  • The Lippitt/Chafee family: Henry Lippitt, governor of Rhode Island (1875–77); his sons, Charles W. Lippitt, governor of Rhode Island (1895–97), and Henry F. Lippitt, U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1911–17); Henry F.'s son, Frederick Lippitt, Rhode Island state House of Representatives (1961–83); the elder Henry's great-grandson, John Chafee, governor of Rhode Island (1963–69), U.S. secretary of the Navy (1969–72), U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1976–99); John's son, Lincoln Chafee, mayor of Warwick, Rhode Island (1993–99), U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1999–2007), governor of Rhode Island (2011–15).
  • The Lodge family: Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. House of Representatives (1887–93) and U.S. Senate (1893–1924) from Massachusetts; his grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., U.S. Senate from Massachusetts (1947–53), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1953–60), South Vietnam (1963–64, 1965–67), West Germany (1968–69), Vatican City (1970–77); Henry Jr.'s brother, John Davis Lodge, U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut (1947–51), (governor of Connecticut (1951–55), and U.S. ambassador to Spain (1955–61), Argentina (1969–73), Switzerland (1983–85).
  • The Long family: Huey Long, governor of Louisiana (1928–32), U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1932–35); his widow, Rose McConnell Long, U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1936–37); his brother, Earl Long, lieutenant governor (1936–39) and governor (1939–40, 1948–52, 1956–60) of Louisiana; brother, George S. Long, U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana (1953–58); Huey Long's son, Russell B. Long, U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1948–87). See Long family.
  • The Lujan family: Eugene David Lujan, associate justice, New Mexico Supreme Court (1945–59); his granddaughter, Michelle Lujan Grisham, governor of New Mexico (2022–); Eugene's second cousin, Ben Luján, member (1975–2012) and speaker (2001–12), New Mexico state House of Representatives; Ben's son, Ben Ray Luján, U.S. Senate from New Mexico (2021–); Eugene's fifth cousin, Manuel Lujan Sr., mayor of Santa Fe (1942–48). Manuel's son, Manuel Lujan Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from New Mexico (1969–89), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1989–1993).
  • The Mack family: Connie Mack III, U.S. House of Representatives (1983–89) and U.S. Senate (1989–2001) from Florida; his son, Connie Mack IV, Florida state House of Representatives (2001–03) and U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2005–13); Mary Bono, Connie IV's then-wife, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California (1998–2013).
  • The Mathews family: George Mathews, governor of Georgia (1787–88, 1793–96), U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia (1789–91); his brothers, Sampson and Archer, served in the Virginia General Assembly. Their descendants served as governors, judges and legislators in five states.
  • The Moore/Capito family: Arch A. Moore Jr., U.S. House of Representatives (1957–1969), governor of West Virginia (1969–1977; 1985–1989); his daughter Shelley Moore Capito, U.S. House of Representatives (2001–2015), U.S. Senate (2015–); her son Moore Capito, West Virginia House of Delegates (2016–); his cousin Riley Moore, West Virginia House of Delegates (2017–2019), West Virginia state treasurer (2021–)
  • The Murkowski family: Frank Murkowski, U.S. Senate from Alaska (1981–2002), governor of Alaska (2002–06); his daughter, Lisa Murkowski, Alaska state House of Representatives (1999–2002), U.S. Senate from Alaska (2002–).
  • The O'Neill family: Thomas O'Neill, Cambridge, Massachusetts City Council; his son, Tip O'Neill, Massachusetts House of Representatives (1937–53), U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1953–87), Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–87); Tip's son Thomas P. O'Neill III, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts (1975–83).
  • The Paul family: Ron Paul, U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1976–77, 1979–85, 1997–2013); his son. Rand Paul, U.S. Senate from Kentucky (2011 -).
  • The Payne/Bolton family: Henry B. Payne, Ohio state Senate (1849–52), U.S. House of Representatives (1875–77) and U.S. Senate (1885–91) from Ohio; his son, Nathan P. Payne, mayor of Cleveland (1875–76); Henry's granddaughter, Frances P. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1940–69); her husband, Chester C. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1929–37); their son, Oliver P. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1953–57, 1963–65).
  • The Pence family: Mike Pence, 48th U.S. vice president (2017–21), governor of Indiana (2013–17), U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana (2001–13); his brother, Greg Pence, U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana (2019–).
  • The Rockefeller family: Nelson Rockefeller, 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–77), Governor of New York (1959–73); his brother, Winthrop Rockefeller, Governor of Arkansas (1967–71); their nephew, Jay Rockefeller, governor of West Virginia (1987–85), U.S. Senate from West Virginia (1985–2015); Winthrop's son, Winthrop Paul Rockefeller, lieutenant governor of Arkansas (1996–2006).
  • The Romney family: George W. Romney, governor of Michigan (1963–69), U S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1969–73); his son, Mitt Romney, governor of Massachusetts (2003–07), Republican Party nominee for U.S. president (2012), U.S. Senate from Utah (2019–); Mitt's niece, Ronna McDaniel, chair of the Republican National Committee (2017–), delegate to Republican National Convention (2016), chair of the Michigan Republican Party (2015–17).
  • The Rooney family: Dan M. Rooney (Pittsburgh Steelers owner and Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee), U.S. ambassador to Ireland (2009–12); his nephews, Tom Rooney, U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2009–19), and Patrick Rooney Jr., Florida state House of Representatives (2010–16).
  • The Scalia family: Antonin Scalia, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1986–2016); his son, Eugene Scalia, U.S. Secretary of Labor (2019–21).
  • The Suarez family: Xavier Suarez, mayor of Miami, Florida (1985–1993); his son Francis Suarez, mayor of Miami (2017–present); his nephew Alex Mooney, Maryland state senator (1999–2011), U.S. House of Representatives (2015–present)
  • The Sununu family: John H. Sununu, governor of New Hampshire (1983–89), White House chief of staff (1989–91); his sons John E. Sununu, U.S. House of Representatives (1997-03) and U.S. Senate (2003–09) from New Hampshire, and Chris Sununu, New Hampshire Executive Council (2011–17), governor of New Hampshire (2017–).
  • The Sykes family: Vernon Sykes, Ohio state Senate (2017–), Ohio state House of Representatives (1983–2000, 2007–14), Akron City Council (1970s–83); his wife, Barbara Sykes, Ohio state House of Representatives (2001–06), Akron City Council (1990s–2001); their daughter, Emilia Sykes, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–2022), U.S. House of Representatives (2023–).
  • The Udall family: David King Udall Sr., representative to the Arizona Territorial Legislature (1899). His sons: Jesse Addison Udall, Arizona state House of Representatives (1931–38), chief justice of the Arizona Supreme Court (1964); John Hunt Udall, mayor of Phoenix, Arizona (1936–38); Don Taylor Udall, Arizona state House of Representatives (1941–42); Levi Stewart Udall, Arizona Supreme Court (1947–60), chief justice (1951–53, 1957–59). Levi's sons: Stewart Udall, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (1955–61), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1961–69); Mo Udall, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (1961–91). Next generation: John Nicholas Udall, son of John, mayor of Phoenix, Arizona (1948–52); Tom Udall, son of Stewart, U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2008), U S. Senate from New Mexico (2009–21), U.S. ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (2021–); Mark Udall, son of Mo, U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2009) and U.S. Senate from Colorado (2009–15), Colorado state House of Representatives (1997–99).
  • The Zone family: Michael Zone, Cleveland City Council (1960–74); his wife, Mary Zone, Cleveland City Council (1974–86); their son, Matt Zone, Cleveland City Council (2001–); their son-in-law, Lee Fisher, Ohio state House of Representatives (1981–82), Ohio state Senate (1983–90), Ohio state attorney general (1991–95), lieutenant governor of Ohio (2007–11); their nephew, Joseph Zone, Cleveland Municipal Court judge.

United Kingdom
Main article: List of political families in the United Kingdom
Joseph and Austen Chamberlain.

India
Main article: Political families of India

Other countries

Hoping to prevent political dynasties, the Indonesian parliament, which represents the third largest democracy in the world, passed a law barring anyone holding a major office within five years of a relative.[7]

See also

References
  1. "LOREDAN, Leonardo in "Dizionario Biografico"" (in Italian). Treccani. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  2. KQED, General Article: The Kennedys in Politics
  3. Feldmann, Linda (23 July 2014). "Hillary Clinton vs. Jeb Bush? Why Political Dynasties Might Make Sense. (+video)". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2014-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. "More than 40 politicians from political families to contest election". The Irish Times.
  5. "FF election hopeful hits out at party dynasties". independent.
  6. "BIOGRAFIA - Licenciado".
  7. Solomon, Andrew (2015-07-18). "What's Wrong with Dynastic Politics?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
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