Pieter van den Broecke

Pieter van den Broecke (25 February 1585, Antwerp – 1 December 1640, Strait of Malacca) was a Dutch cloth merchant in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and one of the first Dutchmen to taste coffee.[1] He also went to Angola three times. He was one of the first Europeans to describe societies in West and Central Africa and in detail trade strategies along the African coast.[2]

Pieter van den Broecke, by Frans Hals (Kenwood House)

Life

His parents, Pieter van den Broecke Sr and Maiken de Morimont,[3] lived in Antwerp. However, after the Fall of Antwerp to the Spanish, which happened at the year of his birth, Antwerp's Protestant population was given the choice of converting to the Roman Catholic Church or departing the city, though Protestants were given four years to settle their affairs before leaving.[4] Van den Broecke's Calvinist parents were among the many who chose to depart, arriving first at Alkmaar in the new Dutch Republic. The family lived in Hamburg for a while and left around 1597 for Amsterdam.[5] At the time the VOC began to develop, the younger Pieter joined it as a tradesman and climbed the career ladder. He became chief-tradesman and admiral.

In 1611 he brought in a cargo of 29 tonnes (65,000 pounds) of ivory to Amsterdam from a captured Portuguese ship.[6] In 1614 he visited the port of Aden in Yemen. He was the first Dutch merchant to make a journey to the Arabian Peninsula. He went on to the port of al-Shihr in Hadramawt and left several Dutch merchants at the port to engage in trade and learn the Arabic language.[7] He returned to the Arabian Peninsula in 1616 and visited the port of Mocha, where he attempted, unsuccessfully to establish a permanent Dutch trading establishment. It was there that he drank "something hot and black, a coffee".[1] He was made the VOC's manager in Dutch Suratte in 1620. He described the Ethiopian slave soldier Malik Ambar. From 1616 the establishment there blossomed, with new minor establishments being set up in the hinterland,[8] though in 1617 the Duyfken, under his command, was wrecked on the Surat coast.[9][10][11]

He operated in Maritime Southeast Asia beside Jan Pieterszoon Coen and was present at the battle of Jakarta in 1619. Pieter van den Broecke took over from Coen as head of the Banda Islands. The islands were held to be important to trade due to their superior cloves and nutmeg, and so the Dutch were at that time enforcing a trade monopoly on the unwilling local population through drastic measures.[12] So many inhabitants were killed on Banda that the island had to be deliberately repopulated.

Pieter van den Broecke's 1617 drawing of a dodo, sheep, and red rail on Mauritius

On his retirement he was honoured with a gold chain, which he wears in the portrait by his friend Frans Hals (now hanging in Kenwood House).[13] His son was a perkenier (plantation owner) on the Banda Islands. Descendants of the Van den Broecke family continue to live on Banda.[14]

Notes
  1. "De VOCsite : handelsposten; Mocca". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  2. "La Fleur, J.D., ed. Pieter Van Den Broecke's Journal of Voyages to Cape Verde, Guinea and Angola, 1605-1612". Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  3. "Pieter van den Broecke". Biografisch Portaal van Nederland. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  4. Alfons K. L. Thijs, Van Geuzenstad tot katholiek bolwerk: Maatschappelijke betekenis van de kerk in contrareformatorisch Antwerpen (Antwerp, 1990), p. 102.
  5. F. Jos. van den Branden; J.G. Frederiks (eds.). "Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde". Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  6. "Pieter van den Broecke's Journal of Voyages to Cape Verde, Guinea and Angola (1605-1612). Edited by James D. La Fleur. 2000. pp. xv + 139. 1 colour plate, 1 illustration, 7 maps. ISBN 0-904180-68-9". Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  7. Coolhaas, W. (1962). Pieter van den Broecke in Azie. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 7.
  8. "De VOCsite : handelsposten; Suratte". Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  9. "VOC bibliography". Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  10. "Duif (1611)". De VOCsite (in Dutch). 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  11. "Duifje". The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595-1795. Huygens ING. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  12. "Een blik op het verleden - Radio Nederland Wereldomroep - Nieuws" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  13. "The City Museum". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  14. "The Jakarta Post". Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

De Geschiedenis van de VOC by Femme Gaastra, Walburg Press, 2002

Works and sources
  • Pieter van den Broecke: Korte historiael ende Journaelsche aenteyckeninghe, van al’t geen merck-waerdigh voorgevallen is, in de langhdurige Reysen, soo nae Cabo Verde, Angola [etc.] als insonderheyd van Oost-Indien, Hans Passchiers van Wesbusch, Haerlem (Haarlem) 1634
  • Pieter van den Broecke, Klaas Ratelband: Reizen naar West-Afrika van Pieter van den Broecke, 1605–1614, Nijhoff, ’s-Gravenhage 1950.
  • Pieter van den Broecke, Willem Philippus Coolhaas: Pieter van den Broecke in Azië, Nijhoff, ’s-Gravenhage 1962–1963.
  • Pieter van den Broecke: Station Azoren, Boer, Bussum 1970
  • Pieter van den Broecke, J. D. La Fleur: Pieter van den Broecke's journal of voyages to Cape Verde, Guinea and Angola (1605–1612), Hakluyt Society, London 2000.

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