Paternal depression

When comparing the anxiety level of first-time parents, women tend to have higher levels of anxiety. This is applicable to women immediately after birth and in the first three trimesters.[6] Compared to women, men experience greater anxiety levels within the first 3 months of childbirth and develop paternal depression as the children grows older.[5] Although depression can affect individuals in different ways, there are some gender differences between parents. Women tend to have similar depressive symptoms over all three trimesters, however in men, there are significant changes between the 1st and 2nd trimester, but not between the 2nd trimester to 3 months postpartum.[6] Women are also more likely to experience symptoms such as developing an eating disorder, irritability, crying episodes, extreme sadness, bipolar disorder and low energy levels.[8] Men are more likely to experience substance abuse, a higher frequency of irritability, anger attacks and becoming abusive and violent. Men may also partake in risk-taking behaviour such as drunk driving. Despite common symptoms of loss of appetite and insomnia, women are more likely to display atypical behaviours such as oversleeping and overeating.[9] Fatal suicide attempts are also more often associated with fathers rather than with mothers.[10]

Prevalence of depressive symptoms in men and women from pregnancy to 3-months postpartum[6]

In general, the causes of maternal and paternal depression are similar. Common causes include having limited emotional and social support, experiencing financial stress, having an unsatisfying relationship with one's partner, finding difficulty adjusting to parenting, unexpected events in child development and personal histories of mental disorders and drug abuse.[3] According to a study conducted in 2005, 65% of males identified with depressive symptoms when the child was 8 weeks old.[4] The causes of paternal depression include stress overload, caring responsively to the children, undertaking multiple family and social roles and a decrease in direct father to child interaction.[4] Fathers of young boys are most vulnerable to paternal depression during the child's early and behavioural development. This is caused by young boys having the tendency to be hyperactive and harder to discipline.[4] This causes the father to be concerned and frustrated. There is a positive correlation between a boy's misbehaviour and depression in fathers.[4]

Treatment for paternal depression depends on the severity of it.[5] Light to moderate symptoms could be treated at home. This includes being well-rested, getting alone time, eating a well-balanced diet with adequate amounts of water and exercise, accepting social support from partner, friends and family.[12] Joining local community groups and creating bonds with other fathers experiencing similar symptoms will decrease stress and create a sense of relief. However, treatment of mild to severe depression would require further action.

Outlines some of the common treatment available for PPD, excluding psychotherapy and antidepressants.[13][12][14]

Treatments offered for parents with depression are similar to other mental disorders. This includes taking antidepressants or receiving psychotherapy.[15] Those experiencing moderate paternal depression should seek therapy from a mental health professional. This may be a psychiatrist, counselor or psychologist. However, if experiencing intense depression, medical intervention may be necessary.[16] Consult your health professional about medication including mood stabilizers. Other methods to recovery include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).[17] This releases short electrical currents to the brain, allowing it to relax. It is recommended when all other procedures are ineffective. There are other alternatives to treatment. This includes self-care in the form of relaxation, massage, herbal medicine and chiropractic services.[14]

The increase of paternal depression could be explained by women's increasing input into social roles.[25] Women contributing to the workforce leads to more fathers becoming involved with family life. This increases the possibility of developing paternal depression. Paternal depression is a frequently neglected topic.[16] It challenges social normalities of gender roles, the stereotypes of fatherhood, masculinity and social stigma on men with mental health.[25] The progressive perception of fathers being the primary parent leads to further increase in father involvement.

National policies have not progressed with the changes in gender roles. This includes the difficulties in receiving of paternal leave and receiving custody.[26] This is influenced by the limited studies on fathers and depression. However, the recent increase of research into paternal depression shows society's views on increasing gender equality in social roles and the changing culture on masculine and feminine concepts.[7]

Stigma of men with mental illness

How the stigma of men with mental illness influence the prevalence of seeking treatment[27]

There is often stigma around mental illness, especially for men. Severe stigma usually takes forms of discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes. These categorise how society view mental disorders. Paired with gender roles and the concepts of masculinity and femininity, society views men with mental impairments as weak and vulnerable and not the stereotypical alpha male.[7] This then affects how men view their own mental disability, influencing the seeking of treatment and acceptance of the illness.[16] This cause and effect relationship can create a cycle, leading men to be disheartened and ashamed of reaching out. According to the Australian Black Dog Institute, it is estimated that 72% of men do not seek treatment for mental disorders.[27]