List of Pashtun empires and dynasties

The following is a list of Pashtun or Afghan empires and dynasties. It includes states, princely states, empires and dynasties in the regions of Central, Western and South Asia which were founded by rulers or dynasties of Pashtun origin. This list also includes rulers and dynasties who are of disputed origin.

Part of a series on
Pashtuns
Empires and dynasties

In Western Asia
See also: List of heads of state of Afghanistan and Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan
  • Taymanis (1565/6-1894), established by Tayman, a Kakar Pashtun.[1] The Taymanis would conquer Ghor in the late 1600's. During the decline of the Safavids,[2][3] the Taymanis conquered Farah and Isfizar under Dilawar Khan.[4] The Taymanis would go onto siding with the Durrani Empire during their rise and gave troops to the Sadozais. The Taymanis began declining in the nineteenth century until finally being stripped of their privileges in 1894, ending Taymani rule in Ghor.[5]
  • Hotak dynasty (1709–1738), established by Mir Wais Hotak from Kandahar, who declared independence from the Persian Safavids. Hotak was a tribal chief of the Ghilzai Pashtuns.[6][7] The Hotaki dynasty ruled over much of southern Afghanistan and most of Iran (Persia) at its peak. The dynasty lasted until 1738 when it was overthrown by the Afsharids of Persia under Nader Shah.
Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani Empire.

In South Asia
Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320
Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320[11]
Map showing the territory under the Lodi dynasty.[34]
  • Map of the Sur Empire at its height
    Sur Empire (1538/1540-1556), founded by Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun military and political figure who belonged to the Sur tribe of Kakars.[35] The Sur dynasty ousted the Mughals in north India and controlled areas encompassing, Pakistan, northern India and up to Bengal, with Delhi as its capital. Sher Shah expanded the empires territory significantly until his accidental death in 1545, where he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri.[36][37] The Empire began falling into civil war following Islam Shah's death.[38][39] The Surs were supplanted again by the Mughals in 1556 after a sixteen-year rule.[40][41]
Map of the Khaljis of Malwa at their height[43]

Disputed Origins

Princely states

Several independent princely states founded by Pashtuns existed during the British Raj era. Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the Raj and the creation of Pakistan and India, the North-West Frontier and tribal agencies became part of Pakistan. The princely states were also given only two choices, the choice to formally accede to the Dominion of Pakistan or Dominion of India, depending on their geographical location. These princely states were eventually abolished and integrated into the federation (see Former administrative units of Pakistan and Political integration of India).

  • Rohilla Chieftaincies (1710–1857). Ali Mohammed Khan founded a strong Rohilla state in western U.P. After his death in 1748, Rohilkhand split up into several independent Rohilla Chieftaincies. Notable Chiefs were Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Najib ad-Dawlah, Faizullah Khan, and Dundy Khan. In 1772 the total Rohilla armed forces were estimated at 80,000 cavalry and infantry.[52] Rohillas were the main allies of the Durranis in Third Panipat War in 1761. Most of the Rohilla leaders were defeated in Anglo-Rohilla wars. Only Rampur, under Faizullah Khan, survived as a princely state.
  • Orakzai dynasty was a dynasty which directly descended from the Orakzai tribe. Various branches ruled these princely states:
  • Babi dynasty (1654–1948), founded in 1654 by Muhammed Sherkhanji Babi. He belonged to Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns.[55] The Babi Dynasty ruled over parts of Gujarat. Babi's descendants (see Pathans of Gujarat for more information) controlled the following princely states:
  • Dir, small princely state comprising the present-day Upper Dir and Lower Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The state was founded in the seventeenth century by an Akhun Khel clan of the Malizai sept of Yusufzai tribe,[61] with Dir serving as the capital. Dir nawab acceded to Pakistan in 1948. In 1969, the state along with the royal house was abolished.
  • Farrukhabad State
  • Malerkotla State (1657–1948), The Malerkotla state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the Sherani tribe of the Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda. The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.
  • Pataudi State (1804–1947), established in 1804 by Nawab Faiz Talab Khan of Barech tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and capital as Pataudi[62]
  • Dujana State (1806–1948), established in 1806 by Nawab Abdus Samad Khan of Yusufzai tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and situated in Jhajjar district[63][64]
  • Tonk State (1806–1949), The founder of the state was Muhammad Amir Khan an adventurer and military leader of pashtun descent and belonged to the salarzai subtribe of the Tarkani tribe and a Rohilla. In 1817, upon submitting to the British East India Company, he kept his territory of Tonk and received the title of Nawab. While retaining internal autonomy and remaining outside British India, the state consisted of six isolated districts. Four of these were under the Rajasthan province, namely, Tonk, Chhabra, Pirawa and Nimbahera. The other two, Aligarh formerly Rampura and Sironj were in Madhya pradesh province.
  • Jaora State (1808–1948), founded by Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan, a Pashtun cavalry officer and a Rohilla serving Muhammad Amir Khan, the Pashtun founder of the princely state of Tonk. Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan also served the Holkar ruler, annexing Rajput territories in northern Malwa. For his services, he was designated the title of a nawab. His state existed in modern Madhya Pradesh, comprising the tehsils of Jaora, Barauda, Tal and Barkhera, along with the dependencies of Piploda and Panth-Piploda.
  • Palanpur State (1370–1948), Palanpur state was founded in 1370 by Malek Khurram Khan and was ruled by the Jhalore dynasty,[65] of the Lohani tribe a forebearer of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the Mughal emperor Akbar and received Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry.
  • Savanur State (1672–1948), Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, a Pathan of the Miyana or Miani tribe, in the service of the sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near Bijapur in 1672. His successors ruled over extensive territories almost independently for over a century. However, Savanur was located between the increasing power of the Marathas and the equally powerful Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, ofKingdom of Mysore which gradually eroded away Savanur's territory. By the second half of the eighteenth century, more than half of Savanur had been ceded to the Marathas. By the end of the century, Tipu Sultan had annexed the remainder. The occupation by the Kingdom of Mysore (Mahisur) had begun on 29 Oct 1786 and lasted until 17 December 1791. The name Savanur is said to be the corruption of the Persian/Urdu word Shahnoor, which means 'king of light'.[66]

Princely Taluqdars, Jagirdars, Nawabs
  • Nanpara Taluqdari (1632–1947), the Nanpara principality was founded by a Rasul Khan, he was appointed keeper of the fort at Bahraich in 1632 by Emperor Shah Jahan in Bahraich District. He was also granted five villages as jagir, and these five villages formed the core of what was to become the Nanpara Taluqdari. His descendant, Karam Khan taking advantage of the collapse of Mughal authority in the early 18th century, extended his rule over pretty much the entire district.[67] The Nanpara Taluqdari was one of the taluqdars (feudatory states) in British India. The title of "Raja" was conferred on the Nanpara House in 1763 by the Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the King of Oudh and has then recognized by British. With holding of 439 villages it was the largest Muslim taluqdars (landowners) in British India.[68][69]
  • Mamdot Nawabi (1800–1947), Qutubuddin Khan, a Kheshgi and Chief of Kasur 1794/1807, Nawab of Mamdot 1800/1831 in Ferozepur district in Indian Punjab; he conquered Mamdot from the Rai of Raikot in 1800, but lost control of Kasur in 1807. Jalalabad, Firozpur was founded by Nawab of Mamdot as its capital. Nawab Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot was the largest Muslim Nawab of the Punjab Chiefs.[70]

See also

Notes

    References
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