Parvancorina

Parvancorina is a genus of shield-shaped bilaterally symmetrical fossil animal that lived in the late Ediacaran seafloor. It has some superficial similarities with the Cambrian trilobite-like arthropods.

Parvancorina
Temporal range: Ediacaran, around
Schematic reconstructions of P. sagitta and P. minchami
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
incertae sedis: Arthropoda? Mollusca?
Genus:
†Parvancorina

Glaessner 1958
Type species
P. minchami
Glaessner 1958
Species
  • P. minchami Glaessner, 1958
  • P. sagitta Ivantsov, 2004

Etymology

The generic name is derived from a crasis compound word from the Latin parva ancora (small anchor).

The specific name of the type species, P. minchami, honors Mr. H. Mincham, the private collector, who in 1957 had collected and presented a number of fine specimens of Ediacaran fossils to the South Australian Museum.

The specific name of P. sagitta is the Latin word sagitta (arrow), in direct reference to the arrow-like shape.

Occurrence

P. minchami fossils were first discovered in the Ediacara Member of the Rawnslay Quartzite, Flinders Ranges, in South Australia.[1] This species is also known from deposits of the Verkhovka, Zimnegory and Yorga Formations in the White Sea area of the Arkhangelsk Region, Russia. Additionally, similar poorly preserved Parvancorina sp. fossils were found in the Lyamtsa Formation of this Russian region.[2]

P. sagitta is found in the Verkhovka formation on the Solza River, White Sea area of the Arkhangelsk Region, Russia.[3]

Australian fossils

Description
Australian Parvancorina minchami life restoration at MUSE - Science Museum in Trento, Italy

It has a raised ridge down the central axis of symmetry. This ridge can be high in unflattened fossils. At the 'head' end of the ridge there are two quarter-circle-shaped raised arcs attached. In front of this are two nested semicircular lines. Teeth seem to come from the raised parts pointing into the centre spaces. These may show as raised lines.

The fossils are normally about 1 centimetre (0.39 inches) in each of width and length, but can be up to 2 centimetres (0.79 inches).

Affinity

In attempting to determine its phylogenic relationships, Parvancorina has been compared with trilobite-like arthropods, such as Skania from the Burgess Shale Biota, Canada, and Primicaris from the Chengjiang Biota, China.[4][5] However, the growth form of Parvancorina is unusual for an arthropod.[2] Furthermore, the strong resemblance of P. sagitta to the primitive mollusk-like bilateran Temnoxa[3] and similarities to parts of Kimberella[6] casts further doubt on an arthropod affinity.

Lifestyle and habitus

Parvancorina typically lived with their "heads" parallel to the current direction.[7] Overfolding of the fossils from all sides contradicts any form of stalked attachment to the sea floor.[8] They are suggested to have been mobile and able to actively orientate their bodies towards the current direction, with smaller individuals from the Ediacara biota in Australia often found in close association with each other.[9] They have been proposed to be filter feeders, using their body ridges to direct water towards feeding structures, with deposit feeding being a possible but less likely ecology.[7]

See also

References
  1. Glaessner, Martin F. (1958). "New Fossils from the Base of the Cambrian in South Australia" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 81: 185–188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29.
  2. Naimark, E. B; Ivantsov, A. Yu (2009). "Growth variability in the late Vendian problematics Parvancorina Glaessner". Paleontological Journal. 43 (1): 12–8. doi:10.1134/S003103010901002X. S2CID 83863648.
  3. Ivantsov, A.Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y.E.; Serezhnikova, E.A. (2004). "Some Problematic Fossils from the Vendian of the Southeastern White Sea Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 38 (1): 1–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-04.
  4. Lin, Jih-Pai; Gon, Samuel M; Gehling, James G; Babcock, Loren E; Zhao, Yuan-Long; Zhang, Xing-Liang; Hu, Shi-Xue; Yuan, Jin-Liang; Yu, Mei-Yi; Peng, Jin (2006). "A Parvancorina-like arthropod from the Cambrian of South China". Historical Biology. 18 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1080/08912960500508689. S2CID 85821717.
  5. Glaessner, M. F. (1980). "Parvancorina - an Arthropod from the Late Precambrian Fauna of the Ediacara Fossil Reserve" (PDF). Records of the South Australian Museum. 13: 83–90.
  6. Grazhdankin, Dmitriy (2015). "Patterns of Evolution of the Ediacaran Soft-Bodied Biota". Journal of Paleontology. 88 (2): 269–83. doi:10.1666/13-072. S2CID 129317326.
  7. Darroch, Simon A. F; Rahman, Imran A; Gibson, Brandt; Racicot, Rachel A; Laflamme, Marc (2017). "Inference of facultative mobility in the enigmatic Ediacaran organism Parvancorina". Biology Letters. 13 (5): 20170033. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0033. PMC 5454237. PMID 28515329.
  8. Paterson, John R; Gehling, James G; Droser, Mary L; Bicknell, Russell D. C (2017). "Rheotaxis in the Ediacaran epibenthic organism Parvancorina from South Australia". Scientific Reports. 7: 45539. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745539P. doi:10.1038/srep45539. PMC 5371987. PMID 28358056.
  9. Coutts, Felicity J.; Bradshaw, Corey J.A.; García-Bellido, Diego C.; Gehling, James G. (March 2018). "Evidence of sensory-driven behavior in the Ediacaran organism Parvancorina: Implications and autecological interpretations". Gondwana Research. 55: 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2017.10.009.
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