Parade of sovereignties

The parade of sovereignties (Russian: Парад суверенитетов, romanized: Parad suverenitetov) was a series of declarations of sovereignty of various degrees by the Soviet republics and the autonomouses (Autonomous Republics, Autonomous oblasts and Autonomous okrugs) in the Soviet Union from 1988 to 1991. The declarations stated the priority of the constituent republic power in its territory over the central power, which led to the War of Laws between the centre and the republics. The process followed the loosened power grip of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as a result of demokratizatsiya and perestroika policies under Mikhail Gorbachev. Despite the efforts of Gorbachev to preserve the union under a new treaty in the form of the Union of Sovereign States, many constituents soon declared their full independence. The process resulted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[1]

See also: War of Laws and Belovezha Accords § Aftermath

The first top-level Soviet republic to declare independence was Estonia (November 16, 1988: Estonian Sovereignty Declaration, March 30, 1990: decree on the transition to the restoration of the Estonian statehood,[2] May 8, 1990: Law on the State Symbols, which declared the independence,[3] August 20, 1991: Law of the Estonian restoration of Independence).

The first lower-level subdivision to declare independence was the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (January 19, 1990 although Heydar Aliyev, the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, having roots in Nakhchivan, managed to keep Nakhchivan within Azerbaijan).[4]

The massive secessionist event has served as a testbench for various theories of secession.[5][6]

Chronology of the adoption of declarations on the sovereignties of the Union republics and their secession from the Soviet Union
Union republic Declaration
of state sovereignty		 Renaming Declaration about cession
from the Soviet Union		 Recognition of independence
by the Soviet Union[7]
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Estonian SSR 16 November 1988[8] since 8 May 1990:
Estonia Republic of Estonia[9]		 20 August 1991[9] 6 September 1991[10]
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist RepublicLithuanian SSR 26 May 1989[11] since 11 March 1990:
Republic of Lithuania[12]		 11 March 1990 6 September 1991[13]
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Latvian SSR 28 July 1989[14][15] since 4 May 1990:
Latvia Republic of Latvia[16]		 21 August 1991 6 September 1991[17]
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Azerbaijan SSR 23 September 1989[18] since 5 February 1991:
Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan[19]		 18 October 1991[20] 26 December 1991[21]
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Georgian SSR 26 May 1990[22][23][24] since 14 November 1990:
Republic of Georgia[25]		 9 April 1991 26 December 1991[21]
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian SFSR 12 June 1990[26] since 25 December 1991:
Russia Russian Federation[27]		 12 December 1991 26 December 1991[21]
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Uzbek SSR 20 June 1990[28] since 31 August 1991:
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Uzbekistan[29]		 31 August 1991[29] 26 December 1991[21]
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic Moldavian SSR 23 June 1990[30] since 23 May 1991:
Moldova Republic of Moldova[31]		 27 August 1991 26 December 1991[21]
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Ukrainian SSR 16 July 1990[32] since 24 August 1991:
Ukraine		 24 August 1991 26 December 1991[21]
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belarusian SSR 27 July 1990[33] since 19 September 1991:
Belarus Republic of Belarus[34]		 25 August 1991 26 December 1991[21]
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Turkmen SSR 22 August 1990[35] since 27 October 1991:
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Turkmenistan[36]		 27 October 1991[36] 26 December 1991[21]
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Armenian SSR — since 23 August 1990:
Armenia Republic of Armenia[12]		 23 September 1991 26 December 1991[21]
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Tajik SSR 24 August 1990[37] since 31 August 1991:
Republic of Tajikistan[38]		 9 September 1991[39] 26 December 1991[21]
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR 25 October 1990[40] since 10 December 1991:
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Kazakhstan[41]		 16 December 1991[42] 26 December 1991[21]
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic Kyrgyz SSR 15 December 1990[43] since 5 February 1991:
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Kyrgyzstan[44]		 31 August 1991[45] 26 December 1991[21]

References
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  2.  Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Постановление ВС ЭССР от 30.03.1990
  3.  Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Закон ЭССР от 08.05.1990 О символике Эстонии
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  6. Emizet F. Kisangani, Vicki L. Hesli, "The Disposition to Secede: An Analysis of the Soviet Case", Comparative Political Studies vol. 27, January 1995, doi:10.1177/0010414095027004002
  7. The independence of the Baltic republics was recognized by the State Council of the USSR on September 6, 1991. The rest of the republics continued to formally remain part of the USSR until the adoption by the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of a declaration on the termination of its existence on December 26, 1991
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