Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje

Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje (7 November 1884 – 22 January 1967) was an Indian revolutionary, scholar, agricultural scientist and Statesman who was among the founding fathers of the Ghadar Party.[1]

Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje
P S Khankhoje
Born7 November 1883
Wardha, Maharashtra
Died22 January 1967 (1967-01-23) (aged 83)
Nagpur, Maharashtra
Organization(s)Ghadar Party, Berlin Committee, Communist Party of India
MovementHindu–German Conspiracy, Indian Communism

Early life

Khankhoje was born in November 1884 to a Marathi Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin (DRB) family at Wardha, where his father worked as a petition-writer.[2][3] Young Khankhoje spent his childhood in Wardha, where he completed his primary and middle school education before moving to Nagpur for higher education. He was at the time inspired by the nationalist work of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[4] At some time in the first decade of the 1900s, Khankhoje left India on a voyage that ultimately saw him settle in the United States. Here he enrolled in the Washington State College (now called Washington State University), graduating in 1913.His grand father was Vyankatesh Khankhoje . Brother's name was chaphekar.

Indian independence activities

Khankhoje's earliest nationalist work abroad dates back to the time around 1908 when he, along with Pandit Kanshi Ram founded the Indian Independence League in Portland, Oregon. His works also brought him close to other Indian nationalists in United States at the time, including Tarak Nath Das. In the years preceding World War I, Khankhoje was one of the founding members of the Pacific coast Hindustan association, and subsequently founded the Ghadar Party. He was at the time one of the most influential members of the party. He met Lala Har Dayal in 1911. He also enrolled at one point in a West Coast military academy.

Activities during World War I

Through World War I, Khankhoje was intricately involved in the Hindu–German Conspiracy when he was involved in the plans for the mutiny. He visited Europe during the war and subsequently went to Mesopotamia along with other members of what was the Berlin Committee. In the summer of 1915, he worked clandestinely among troops of the Indian expeditionary force, spreading nationalist literature and hoping to incite a mutiny. Through the course of the war, Khankhoje made his way through Turkey and Persia under different Muslim guises as far as Baluchistan, spreading Ghadarite propaganda en route. He is known to have attempted insurrections and raised at the Iran-Baluchistan border while Mahendra Pratap's Indo-German expedition attempted to rally the Afghan Emir Habibullah Khan against British India. Towards the end of the war, Khankhoje, like most of the members of the Berlin committee, began turning towards communism. He is known to have been in Soviet Union in company of the earliest Indian communist, including Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, M. P. T. Acharya, M. N. Roy, Abdur Rab Barq. He met Lenin at Moscow in 1921. For his nationalist work at the time, Khankhoje was banned from returning to India as a highly dangerous individual.

Academic career

Khankhoje later moved to Mexico in the 1920s, where he was the professor of Botany and Crop Breeding in the National School of Agriculture of Mexico. In 1936, Khankhoje married Jean Alexandrine Sindic, a Belgian woman in Mexico by whom he had two daughters. He led the Mexican corn breeding programme and was appointed director to the Mexican Government's department of Agriculture.

Mural that features Khankhoje
Our Bread (1938), mural by Diego Rivera with Khankhoje seated at the centre, located at the Mexican Secretariat of Public Education.

Khankhoje features on a mural at Secretariat of Public Education (Mexico) painted by Diego Rivera, which is almost reminiscent of the Last Supper. He heads a table and breaks the bread with a big knife. A farmer and a soldier stand on the either side with people from different nations sitting around the table. Mexico is represented by the child wearing overalls.[5]

Return to India and later years

Both Khankhoje and Jean returned to India after 1947. His application for visa was initially rejected by the Indian government due to the ban by the British Indian Government, but was eventually overturned. He settled in Nagpur and subsequently embarked on a political career. Pandurang Khankhoje died on 22 January 1967.

Legacy

In August 2022, Speaker of the Lok Sabha Om Birla unveiled Khankhoje's statue during his visit to Mexico.[4][6]

References
  1. Sawhney, Savitri (2008). I Shall never ask for Pardon: A Memoir of Pandurang Khankhoje. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143063766. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  2. Sen 1973, p. 408.
  3. Gajānana Viśvanātha Ketakara (1966). Raṇajhuũnjhāra Dô : Pã. Kāḷa Prakāśana. p. 1. पांडुरंग सदाशिव खानखोजे हे देशस्थ ऋग्वेदी ब्राह्मण कुळातले आहेत.
  4. "विश्लेषण : महाराष्ट्राच्या सुपुत्राचा मेक्सिकोत पुतळा, कोण होते स्वातंत्र्यसैनिक पांडुरंग खानखोजे?". Loksatta (in Marathi). 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  5. "Pandurang Khankhoje | Archive". Science Gallery Bengaluru. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  6. Singh, Rishika (22 August 2022). "Explained: Who was Pandurang Khankhoje, Ghadarite revolutionary and a hero of Mexico?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  • Sen, S.P. (1973). Dictionary of National Biography. Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta.
  • Asian American Studies: A Reader. By Jean Yu-wen Shen Wu, Min Song. p40.
  • The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia. Kumari Jayawardena. p226
  • India-Mexico : Similarities and Encounters. Eva Alexandra Uchmany.
  • Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. O. P. Radhan. p259.
  • Har Dayal, Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist. Emily Clara Brown. p 136
  • Dictionary of national biography. Sibapada Sen. p333
  • Freedom to Breathe: The Revolutionaries' Legacy to India. Tribhuvan Nath.p69.
  • The Soviets and the Indian Revolutionary Movement, 1917-1929. Ashok Kumar Patnaik- Page 89
  • Bulletin of the Hindusthan Association, No. 1 August 1913, p16
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