Overexcitability

Overexcitability is a term introduced to current psychology by Kazimierz Dąbrowski as part of his theory of positive disintegration (TPD). Overexcitability is a rough translation of the Polish word 'nadpobudliwość', which is more accurately translated as 'superstimulatability' in English. “The prefix over attached to ‘excitability’ serves to indicate that the reactions of excitation are over and above average in intensity, duration and frequency."[1]

In his book Positive Disintegration,[2] Dąbrowski uses the terms "hyperexcitability", "increased excitability", "overexcitability" and simply "excitability". He uses these terms interchangeably with nervousness.

Dąbrowski introduces these terms to describe a heightened physiological experience of stimuli resulting from increased neuronal sensitivities. He describes those who have hyperexcitability as showing "strength and perseveration of reactions incommensurate to their stimuli." Michael Piechowski noted that Dąbrowski used the term psychic overexcitability to "underline the enhancement and intensification of mental activity much beyond the ordinary".[3]

Five forms

There are five forms of overexcitability. These five forms are psychomotor, sensual, emotional, imaginational and intellectual.[4]

Psychomotor: OE is a heightened excitability of the neuromuscular system. This manifests itself in a capacity for being active and energetic, a love of movement, a surplus of energy and an actual need for physical action.

Sensual: OE is an intensified experience of any type of sensual pleasure or displeasure emanating from one of the five senses, i.e. sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. It manifests as an increased appreciation of aesthetic pleasure such as music, language, and art, and delight from tastes, smells, textures, sounds, and sights. Conversely, extreme pain and disgust are experienced upon exposure to sensations perceived as unpleasant.

Intellectual: OE manifests itself as an extreme desire to seek understanding and truth, to gain knowledge, and to analyse and categorise information. Those high in Intellectual OE are commonly seen as intellectually gifted and have incredibly active minds. They are intensely curious, avid readers and keen observers. They frequently love thinking purely for the sake of thinking.

Imaginational: OE manifests as an intensified play of the imagination, causing a rich association of images, invention, fantasy, use of imagery and metaphor and elaborate dreams and visions. Often children high in Imaginational OE do not differentiate between truth and fiction, or are absorbed in their own private world with imaginary companions and dramatizations.

Emotional: OE is characterised by heightened, intense feelings, extreme experience of complex emotions, identification with others' feelings to the point of actual experience and strong sentimental expression. Other indications include physical response to emotional stimuli such as stomachaches when nervous and obsessive concern with death and depression. Emotionally overexcitable people have a strong capacity for deep relationships; they show strong emotional attachments to people, places, and things. They are empathetic, compassionate and extremely sensitive.

According to Dąbrowski, a person who manifests any given form of overexcitability and especially one who manifests several forms of overexcitability sees reality in a different, stronger and more multisided manner.[5]

Giftedness

A small amount of definitive research has led to the belief that intensity, sensitivity and overexcitability are primary characteristics of the highly gifted. The association between OE and giftedness appears to be borne out in the research.[6] It appears that at the least OE is a marker of potential for giftedness/creativity. Dąbrowski's basic message is that the gifted will disproportionately display this process of positive disintegration and personality growth. The term "overexcitability" was popularized in the gifted education community by Michael M. Piechowski[7] and Susan Daniels and Michael M. Piechowski, who edited Living with Intensity.[8] While this theory has been commonly accepted, alternate research disputes the concept of overexcitabilities and suggests that the five-factor model of personality, specifically openness to experience, better explains these heightened behaviors. [9]

See also

Sensory processing sensitivity

References
  • Falk, R.F., Lind, S., Miller, N.B., Piechowski, M.M., & Silverman, L.K. (1999). The overexcitability questionnaire –two (OEQ-II): Manual, scoring system, and questionnaire. Denver, CO: Institute for the Study of Advanced Development.
  • Falk, R.F., Piechowski, M.M., & Lind, S. (1994). Criteria for rating levels of intensity of overexcitabilities. Unpublished manuscript, University of Akron, Ohio.
  • https://positivedisintegration.com/Piechowski1999.pdf
  • Dabrowski's Overexcitabilities Profile among Gifted Students Aliza Alias1, Saemah Rahman, Rosadah Abd Majid1 & Siti Fatimah Mohd Yassin2
  1. Dąbrowski, Kazimierz (1996). Multilevelness of emotional and instinctive functions. Part 1: Theory and description of levels of behavior. Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 7.
  2. Dabrowski, Kazimierz M.D. Positive Disintegration. J.& A. Churchill Ltd. 1964
  3. Piechowski, M. M. (1991). "Emotional development and emotional giftedness". In Colangelo, N.; Davis, G. (eds.). Handbook of gifted education. Allyn & Bacon. pp. 285–306.
  4. Dąbrowski, Kazimierz (1996). Multilevelness of emotional and instinctive functions. Part 1: Theory and description of levels of behavior. Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 72.
  5. Dąbrowski, Kazimierz (1972). Psychoneurosis is not an illness. Gryf. p. 7.
  6. (Lysy and Piechowski 1983; Piechowski 1986; Piechowski and Miller 1995)
  7. Piechowski, M. M. (1979). "Developmental potential". In Colangelo, N.; Zaffrann, R. (eds.). New Voices in Counseling the Gifted. Kendall Hunt. pp. 25–57.
  8. Piechowski, M. M.; Daniels, S., eds. (2009). Living with Intensity: Understanding the Sensitivity, Excitability, and Emotional Development of Gifted Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Great Potential Press.
  9. Vuyk, M. Alexandra; Krieshok, Thomas S.; Kerr, Barbara A. (2016-07-01). "Openness to Experience Rather Than Overexcitabilities: Call It Like It Is". Gifted Child Quarterly. 60 (3): 192–211. doi:10.1177/0016986216645407. hdl:1808/24126. ISSN 0016-9862. S2CID 14806416.
  • "A glossary of Dabrowski's terms and concepts". positivedisintegration.com.
  • Lysy, K. Z.; Piechowski, M. M. (1983). "Personal Growth: An Empirical Study Using Jungian and Dąbrowskian Measures". Genetic Psychology Monographs. 108: 267–320.
  • Piechowski, M. M. (1986). "The Concept of Developmental Potential". Roeper Review. 8 (3): 190–97. doi:10.1080/02783198609552971.

Books
  • Dąbrowski, K. (1967). Personality-shaping through Positive Disintegration. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.
  • Dąbrowski, K.; Kawczak, A. & Piechowski, M. M. (1970). Mental Growth Through Positive Disintegration. London: Gryf.
  • Dąbrowski, K. (1964). Positive Disintegration. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.
  • Dąbrowski, K. (1964). Positive Disintegration. Maurice Bassett, 2016
  • Fonseca, Christine. Emotional Intensity in Gifted Students. Prufrock Press Inc, 2011.
  • Jacobsen, Mary-Elaine. The Gifted Adult. Random House Publishing 1999.
  • Rankin, J. G. (2016). Engaging & challenging gifted students: Tips for supporting extraordinary minds in your classroom. Alexandra, VA: ASCD.
  • Tillier, William. Personality Development through Positive Disintegration: The Work of Kazimierz Dabrowski. Maurice Bassett, 2018
  • Webb, James T. Searching for Meaning, Idealism, Bright Minds, Disillusionment, and Hope. Great Potential Press, 2013.

Further reading

Websites and blogs
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