Odesa Military District

The Odesa Military District (Russian: Одесский военный округ, ОВО; Ukrainian: Червонопрапорний Одеський військовий округ, romanized: Chervonoprapornyi Odeskyi viiskovyi okruh, lit. 'Red Banner Odesa Military District', abbreviated ОдВО, OdVO) was a military administrative division of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. This district consisted of Moldavia and five Ukrainian oblasts of Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Crimea and Zaporizhzhia. In 1998 most of its territory was transformed into the Southern Operational Command.

Odesa Military District
Boundaries of the Odesa Military District (in red) on 1 January 1989
Active1862 - 1998
Country Russian Empire (1862 - 1918)
 Soviet Union (1939 - 1941), (1944 - 1991)
Ukraine Ukraine (1991 - 1998)
 Moldova (1991 - 1992)
TypeMilitary district
HeadquartersOdesa
EngagementsInvasion of Poland (selected units), Invasion of Romania, World War II
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Georgy Zhukov (06/1946 - 02/1948)

The district was originally established by the Soviet Armed Forces, and then was inherited by Ukraine. As the Soviet Union dissolved, the district's 14th Guards Army was split three ways. The army headquarters and some of its forces, stationed in Transnistria, as well as the 59th Guards Motor Rifle Division, came under the jurisdiction of Russia - the rest were divided between Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Moldova.[1]

An earlier district of the same name was established in 1864 by the Imperial Russian Army.

History
Map of military districts in 1913. OVO is in light green color on the far-left

Years of existence

Russian Empire
Odesa Military District

The Odesa Military District was established during the reforms of the Russian military minister Dmitry Milyutin. It was the second of two districts on the territory of the future Ukraine, the other being Kiev Military District. OVO existed from 1862–1918 as part of the Imperial Russian Armed Forces. It encompassed the territories of Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Tauride, and Bessarabia guberniyas. The district bordered Kingdom of Romania, Kiev Military District, Don Voisko Oblast, and Black Sea. In the 1870s and 1880s (until August 12, 1889) the Commander of the district served as the interim Governor General of Odesa city concurrently. In January 1918 the Odesa Military District headquarters was transformed into the headquarters of the Soviet Romanian Front under the jurisdiction of Rumcherod. With the establishment of the Ukrainian government on its territory, it was terminated. OVO was reinstated as the Ukrainian forces were pushed out the area in April to August 1919.

Soviet Union

The district was reformed by the decision of October 11, 1939 specifically for the occupation of Bessarabia after the Soviet Union signed Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. At that time its territory included the newly created Moldovian SSR, six oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR (Izmail, Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Mykolaiv, Kirovohrad) and also the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the Russian SFSR. The Odesa MD was reinforced by several units from the Ukrainian Front that took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland and Romania, previously formed on base of the Odesa Army Group of the Kiev Special Military District (reformed Kiev Military District).

By directives OV/583 and OV/584 of the Soviet People's Commissariat of Defense, units of the Odesa Military District, currently commanded by Mjr. Gen. I.V. Boldin, were ordered into battle ready state in the spring of 1940. Soviet troop concentrations along the Romanian border took place between April 15 and June 10, 1940. In order to coordinate the efforts of the Kiev and Odesa military districts in the preparation of action against Romania, the Soviet Army created the Southern Front under General Georgy Zhukov, composed of the 5th, 9th and 12th Armies. The Southern Front had 32 infantry divisions, 2 motorized infantry divisions, 6 cavalry divisions, 11 tank brigades, 3 paratrooper brigades, 30 artillery regiments, and smaller auxiliary units.

Two action plans were devised. The first plan was prepared for the case that Romania would not accept to evacuate Bessarabia and Bukovina. The Soviet 12th Army was supposed in such a situation to strike Southward along the Prut river towards Iaşi, while Soviet 9th Army was supposed to strike East-to-West south of Chişinău towards Huşi. The target of this plan was to surround the Romanian troops in the Bălţi-Iaşi area. The second plan took into consideration the case that Romania would succumb to Soviet demands and would evacuate its military. In such a situation, Soviet troops were given the mission to reach quickly the Prut river, and take charge of the evacuation process of the Romanian troops. The first plan was taken as the basis of action. Along the portions where the offensive was supposed to take place, Soviets prepared to have at least a triple superiority of men and means.

On June 22, 1941 primary combat formations included:[2]

In August 1941 51st Independent Army was formed in the Crimea.

On September 10, 1941 the district was abolished as it was overran by the Armed Forces of Nazi Germany and its allies.

Soviet Operations 19 August to 31 December 1944

Post World War II Development

The District was reformed on April 23, 1944 with its headquarters at Kirovohrad, which in October 1944 relocated to Odesa. In 1948, 4th Guards Army, with 10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps (33rd Mech, 59, 86) and 24th Guards Rifle Corps (35 Guards Mech, 180th Rifle Division, 51 Ind Rifle Brigade), plus 82nd Rifle Corps (34th Guards Mech, 28th Guards Rifle, 52 Ind Rifle Brigade) were in the district.[3]

Marshal of the Soviet Union, Giorgi Zhukov was assigned command of the Odesa Military District after the war, far from Moscow and lacking in strategic significance and troops. He arrived there on 13 June 1945. Zhukov suffered a heart attack in January 1948, spending a month in hospital. In February 1948, Zhukov was moved to another secondary posting, this time command of the Urals Military District.[4] General Colonel Nikolay Pukhov took command.

82nd Rifle Corps existed until 13 June 1955, when it was renamed 25th Rifle Corps, and 25.6.57 it was renamed 25th Army Corps. HQ in Nikolayev with the 28th Guards Motor Rifle Division, 34th Guards MRD and 95th MRD in the late 1950s. Disbanded in June 1960.[5]

In May 1955 the district's forces included the 10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps (35th, 59th Guards, 86th Guards Rifle Division), 25th Rifle Corps (including the 20th Rifle Division (Zaporozhia), and 28th Guards RDs) and 32nd Rifle Corps, and the 48th, and 66th Guards Rifle Divisions.[6] In May 1957 the 20th Rifle Division became the 93rd Motor Rifle Division, but the division was disbanded in March 1959.[7]

In 1960 the 113th Guards Motor Rifle Division and 95th Motor Rifle Division were disbanded.

In April 1960 the Odesa Military District consisted of three oblasts (Mykolaiv Oblast, Izmail Oblast and Odesa Oblast) as well as the Moldavian SSR and the three new oblasts from the disbanded Tavria Military District: Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Crimean Oblast, and Kherson Oblast.

From September 1984 the District came under command of the South-Western Strategic Direction, with its headquarters at Kishinev.[8]

Later developments

In the Odesa District's territory were additionally deployed the 14th Guards Army (created on the basis of 10th Guards Budapest Rifle Corps), the 32nd Army Corps (possibly reformed on the basis of the headquarters units of the former Tauric Military District) in 1956,[9] complemented by the 98th Guards Airborne Division as well as seven additional motor rifle divisions.

The 5th Air Army of the Soviet Air Forces provided tactical air support for the District's units and the 49th Air Defence Corps, 8th Air Defence Army was tasked with national air defence for the territory.

The Odesa Military District was transferred to the jurisdiction of Ukraine after the dissolution of the Soviet Union on January 3, 1992 at 18:00. William E. Odom says that 'in accordance with the Minsk agreements [from the CIS summit in Minsk of 30–31 December 1991], Shaposhnikov sent an order on 3 January 1992, formally transferring conventional forces to Ukraine. President Kravchuk then approved the firing of the three military district commanders (..). On 7–8 January each were removed, none resisting because within their headquarters Kravchuk's people had quietly created a network of officers loyal to his government.'[10]

Its units were split between the Armed Forces of Ukraine and some units, mostly from the 14th Guards Army, in the former Moldovian SSR that became part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The tombstone of General Colonel Ivan Zakharkin (on the left) on the Second Christian Cemetery in Odesa

Commanders

Commanders 1862-1914
  • Paul Demetrius von Kotzebue Count, General of Infantry (12.12.1862 — 11.01.1874)
  • Vladimir Savvich Semeka, Adjutant General, Lieutenant General (11.01.1874 — 01.04.1879)
  • Eduard Totleben, Count, Adjutant General, Engineer General, Interim Governor General (01.04.1879 — 18.05.1880)
  • Alexander Drenteln Adjutant General, General of Infantry, Interim Governor General (18.05.1880 — 14.01.1881)
  • Alexander Mikhailovich Dondukov-Korsakov Prince, General of the Cavalry, Adjutant General, Interim Governor General (14.01.1881 — 01.01.1882)
  • Iosif Gurko Adjutant-General, General of the Cavalry, Interim Governor-General (09.01.1882 — 07.07.1883)
  • Christopher Roop General of Infantry, Provisional Governor General (21.10.1883 — 12.10.1890)
  • Alexander Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin, Count, General of the Cavalry (23.10.1890 — 19.12.1903)
  • Alexander von Kaulbars Baron, Lieutenant General (01.01.1904 — 22.10.1904)
  • Semyon Vasilievich Kakhanov, General of the cavalry (10.1904 - 27.08.1905)
  • Alexander von Kaulbars, Baron, General of the Cavalry (27.08.1905 — 23.12.1909)
  • Nikolai Zarubaev, General of Infantry (24.12.1909 — 10.06.1912)
  • Vladimir Nikolaevich Nikitin, General of artillery (13.06.1912 — 19.07.1914)

Commanders, 1939–1991

Forces in the 1980s

Around 1988, the District contained the following forces:[12]

Ukraine/Moldova

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union the 14th Guards Army became entangled in the later War of Transnistria. The 98th Guards Airborne Division was split between Russia and Ukraine; the Ukrainian half became the 1st Airmobile Division and the Russian part was withdrawn to Ivanovo in the Moscow Military District and became part of the Russian Airborne Troops.

The 5381st Equipment Storage Base with its headquarters at Florești, the former 86th Guards Motor Rifle Division, was taken over by Moldova.[18]

The 5th Air Army was later redesignated the 5th Aviation Corps of the Ukrainian Air Force in 1994.[19]

Colonel General Volodymyr Shkidchenko commanded the Odesa Military District from December 1993 until it became the Southern Operational Command in February 1998. Since January 3, 1998 the Odesa Military District was transformed into the Southern Operational Command of the Ukrainian Ground Forces according to the Decree of Ministry of Defense of Ukraine from July 1, 1997. The command encompasses nine oblasts: Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kirovohrad, Kharkiv, and the autonomous republic of Crimea.

Commanders (Ukraine)

Notes
  1. Feskov et al. 2013, p. 495.
  2. Orbat.com/Niehorster, Administrative Order of Battle 22 June 1941, accessed August 2009
  3. Feskov et al. 2013, p. 49.
  4. Tsouras 1994, pp. 43–44.
  5. Feskov et al. 2013, p. 491.
  6. Feskov et al 2004, 49.
  7. "93rd Motorised Rifle Division".
  8. Holm, High Command of the South-Western Direction, 2015
  9. Feskov et al 2004, p.47
  10. William E. Odom, The Collapse of the Soviet Military, Yale University Press, 1998, p.383 citing 'Colonel General Ivan Bizhan, Deputy Minister of Defence in Ukraine, related this episode to me and others on 12 October 1996.'
  11. Курская Битва
  12. Feskov et al 2004., for most formations.
  13. Feskov et al 2004, 57.
  14. "126th Motorised Rifle Division".
  15. Feskov et al.
  16. Michael Holm, 40th independent Landing-Assault Brigade
  17. Jane's Intelligence Review March 1992 for HQ location.
  18. "86th Guards Motorised Rifle Division".
  19. Lisitsa, Nikifor (2002). Шестидесятилетний юбилей отметил 5-й авиационный корпус [Diamond Jubilee of the 5th Aviation Corps]. Narodnaya Armiya (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  • Feskov, V. I.; Golikov, V. I.; Kalashnikov, K. A.; Slugin, S. A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.
  • Tsouras, Peter G. (1994). Changing Orders: The evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present. Facts On File, Inc. pp. 43-44. ISBN 0-8160-3122-3.

Further reading
  • Lenskii, A. G. (2000). Sukhoputnye sily RKKA v predvoennye gody Сухопутные силы РККА в предвоенные годы [Land forces of the Red Army in the pre-war years]. St. Petersburg: B&K.
  • Military Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow. 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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