Etheostomatinae

Species within the Etheostomatinae are all small fish, mostly less than 11 centimetres (4.3 in) in length, and their bodies are slightly compressed or fusiform in shape. They have two pterygiophores between the first and second dorsal fins which do not have spines and a reduced swimbladder which may be completely lacking.[2] The common name "darter" owes to the behavior of the fish, which dart around their benthic habitat. They are sexually dimorphic; most species have males with bright colors and patterning, particularly when breeding. These colors and patterns are used to attract females and allow for recognition of species, as the colors and patterns are particular to each species. Many species use typical sites for spawning and they care for their eggs and fry. They have evolved a variety of methods of depositing eggs and these include burying them, which may be the basal habit as it is found in all genera, as well as attaching eggs to a substrate and egg clustering.[3]

Etheostomatinae darters are endemic to North America where they are found in the Mississippi River basin and the drainages of the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, the seaboards of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast of Mexico.[3]

Fishbase recognises five genera as follows:[4][5]

• Ammocrypta Jordan, 1877
• Crystallaria Jordan & Gilbert, 1885
• Etheostoma Rafinesque, 1817
• Nothonotus Putnam, 1863
• Percina Haldeman, 1842

However, Fishbase places Crystallaria within the subfamily Percinae[6] while the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World regard it as a subgenus of Ammocrypta and Nothonotus as a subgenus of Etheostoma.[2]