Nepal Sambat

The name Nepal Sambat was used for the calendar for the first time in Nepal Sambat 148 (1028 AD).[3]

Nepal Sambat was the official calendar of Nepal under the Malla dynasty during which it was used in inscriptions, decrees and legal documents. An example of this would be a Newar language inscription (pictured above) which dates itself to Nepal Sambat 798.

An inscription on a stupa in Panauti is dated Nepal Sambat 866 (1746 AD).[8]

Nepal Sambat has also been used outside Nepal Mandala in Nepal and in other countries including India, China and Myanmar. In Gorkha, a stone inscription at the Bhairav Temple at Pokharithok Bazaar contains the date Nepal Sambat 704 (1584 AD). An inscription in the Khas language at a rest house in Salyankot is dated Nepal Sambat 912 (1792 AD).[9] In east Nepal, an inscription on the Bidyadhari Ajima Temple in Bhojpur recording the donation of a door and tympanum is dated Nepal Sambat 1011 (1891 AD). The Bindhyabasini Temple in Bandipur in west Nepal contains an inscription dated Nepal Sambat 950 (1830 AD) recording the donation of a tympanum.[10] The Palanchok Bhagawati Temple situated to the east of Kathmandu contains an inscription recording a land donation dated Nepal Sambat 861 (1741 AD).[11]

Similarly, Nepali merchants based in Tibet (Lhasa Newars) used Nepal Sambat in their official documents, correspondence and inscriptions recording votive offerings.[12] A copper plate recording the donation of a tympanum at the shrine of Chhwaskamini Ajima (Tibetan: Palden Lhamo) in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa is dated Nepal Sambat 781 (1661 AD).[13]

Nepal Sambat was replaced as the national calendar in Rana period of the Kingdom of Nepal. The victory of the Gorkha Kingdom resulted in the end of the Malla dynasty and the advent of The Shahs used Saka era. However, Nepal Sambat remained in official use for a time even after the coming of the Shahs. For example, the treaty with Tibet signed during the reign of Pratap Singh Shah is dated Nepal Sambat 895 (1775 AD). In 1903, Saka Sambat, in turn, was superseded by Bikram Sambat as the official calendar.[5] However, the government continued to use Saka Sambat on gold and silver coins till 1912 when it was fully replaced by Bikram Sambat.[14][15]

The campaign to reinstate Nepal Sambat as the national calendar began in the 1920s when Dharmaditya Dharmacharya, a Buddhist and Nepal Bhasa activist based in Kolkata, initiated a campaign to promote it as the national calendar. The movement was continued by language and cultural activists in Nepal with the advent of democracy following the ouster of the autocratic Rana dynasty in 1951.[16] The demand to make Nepal Sambat a national calendar intensified with the establishment of Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala in 1979. It organized rallies and public functions publicizing the importance of the era as a symbol of nationalism. Nepal Sambat has also emerged as a symbol to rally people against the suppression of their culture, language and literature by the politically dominant ruling classes.[17] The Panchayat regime suppressed the movement by arresting and imprisoning the activists.[18][19] In 1987 in Kathmandu, a road running event organized to mark the New Year was broken up by police and the runners thrown in jail.[20]

Reinstated as national calendar

Statue of Sankhadhar Sakhwa at Pulchok, Lalitpur.

Lakhu Phalchā (shelter) at Maru where the sand carriers stopped to rest.

The Nepal Sambat movement achieved its first success on 18 November 1999 when the government declared the founder of the calendar, a trader of Kathmandu named Sankhadhar Sakhwa (संखधर साख्वा), a national hero.[21] On 26 October 2003, the Department of Postal Service issued a commemorative postage stamp depicting his portrait.[22] A statue of Sankhadhar was erected in Tansen, Palpa in western Nepal on 28 January 2012.[23]

On 25 October 2011, the government decided to bring Nepal Sambat into use as the country's national calendar following prolonged lobbying by cultural and social organizations, most prominently by Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala,[6] and formed a taskforce to make recommendations on its implementation.[24] All major newspapers now print Nepal Sambat along with other dates on their mastheads. New Year's Day celebrations have also spread from the Kathmandu Valley to other towns in Nepal as well as abroad.[25]

Nepal Sambat is used majorly among Newar people. The lunar calendar is used for celebration of festival and observation of rituals.[26] Lalitpur Metropolitan City began ascribing Nepal Sambat dates along Bikram Sambat dates since the year 1140, i.e. mid 2020.[27][28]

The Lunar Calendar of Nepal Sambat or the Lunar Nepal Sambat spans from 354 to 378 days in a year.[29][30]

Following the official use of Nepal Sambat in Lalitpur Metropolitan City,[27] a solar version of calendar was devised from the year 1141 (C.E. 2020), intending to expand use of Nepal Sambat for official and administrative purposes.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]

888 Nepal Sambat (1768 CE) - Prithvi Narayan Shah's Gorkhali forces take Kathmandu.
926 (1806) - Bhandarkhal Massacre establishes Bhimsen Thapa as the prime minister of Nepal.
966 (1846) - Kot massacre establishes Jang Bahadur Rana as the prime minister of Nepal and the Rana dynasty.
1054 (1934) - Great Earthquake strikes Nepal.
1061 (1941) - Four martyrs executed by the Rana regime.
1071 (1951) - Revolution topples Rana regime and establishes democracy.
1080 (1960) - Parliamentary system abolished and Panchayat system established.
1111 (1991) - First parliamentary election held after abolition of Panchayat and reinstatement of democracy.
1121 (2001) - The king, queen and other members of the royal family are killed in Nepali royal massacre.
1128 (2008) - Nepal becomes a republic.[51]

• 
  Coin issued in the name of King Ranjit Malla dated Nepal Era 842 (1722 CE)
• 
  Coin issued in the name of King Prithvi Narayan Shah dated Saka Era 1685 (1763 CE)
• 
  Coin issued in the name of King Surendra Bikram Shah dated 1788 Saka Era (1866 CE)
• 
  King Pratap Malla's inscription at Durbar Square dated Nepal Era 774 (1654 CE)
• 
  Sanskrit Buddhist manuscript dated Nepal Era 989 (1869 CE)
• 
  Copper plate inscription dated Nepal Era 1072 (1952 CE)

• Vikram Samvat
• Mha Puja
• Swanti (festival)
• Lunar calendar
• Lunar phase

• Nepal Sambat with Panchang
• Nepal Sambat website B
• Converter from Nepal Sambat to Gregorian Calendar
• Nepal Sambat website A Archived 2021-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
• Jwajalapa