Neophyl chloride

Neophyl chloride, C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl, is a halogenated organic compound with unusual nucleophilic substitution properties. Neophyl chloride is used to form a versatile organolithium reagent, neophyl lithium, by reaction with lithium.[2][3]

Neophyl chloride
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(1-Chloro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)benzene
Other names
(Chloro-tert-butyl)benzene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.453
EC Number
  • 208-197-7
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C10H13Cl/c1-10(2,8-11)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-7H,8H2,1-2H3 checkY
    Key: DNXXUUPUQXSUFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C10H13Cl/c1-10(2,8-11)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-7H,8H2,1-2H3
    Key: DNXXUUPUQXSUFH-UHFFFAOYAJ
  • ClCC(c1ccccc1)(C)C
Properties
C10H13Cl
Molar mass 168.663 g/mol
Appearance colorless liquid
Density 1.047 g/cm3
Boiling point 223 °C (433 °F; 496 K)
organic solvents
Hazards
GHS labelling:[1]
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)
Infobox references

Preparation

Neophyl chloride was first synthesized by Haller and Ramart from neophyl alcohol by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, using thionyl chloride as the chlorinating agent:[4]

C6H5C(CH3)2CH2OH + SOCl2 → C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl + HCl + SO2

It is easily prepared on a large scale from benzene and methallyl chloride by an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, using sulfuric acid as the catalyst:[4] The reaction is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

H2C=C(CH3)CH2Cl + C6H6 → C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl

It can also be prepared by free radical halogenation of tert-butylbenzene, using various chlorine donors.[4]

Reactions and applications

Neophyl chloride can be used to form an organolithium reagent, neophyl lithium, by reaction with lithium. Organolithium reagents are useful due to their nucleophilic properties and their ability to form carbon-to-carbon bonds, like in reactions with carbonyls.

C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl + 2Li → C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Li + LiCl

Neophyl chloride is of interest to organic chemists due to its substitution properties. Neophyl chloride is a neopentyl halide which means it is subject to the neopentyl effect. This effect makes SN2 nucleophilic substitution highly unlikely because of steric interactions due to the branching of the β-carbon. No rotamer of the molecule would allow a backside attack of the α carbon.

β-Hydride elimination also does not occur with neophyl derivatives as this group lacks hydrogens at the β positions. These factors make neophyl chloride a precursor to intermediates that resist common substitution and elimination reactions.

References
  1. "Neophyl chloride". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  2. Lide, R. D. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. p. 590. ISBN 0-8493-0595-0.
  3. Streitwieser, Andrew; Heathcock, Clayton H. (1985). Introduction to Organic Chemistry (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan Co. ISBN 0-02-946720-9.
  4. W. T. Smith, Jr. and J. T. Sellas (1963). "Neophyl chloride". Organic Syntheses.
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