National Volunteers (France)

Infantry flag of the revolutionary period (1789–1793)

On 14 July 1789, the date of the Storming of the Bastille and official beginning of the French Revolution, the French Royal Army, including the Maison du Roi (King's Household) included the following:

• Cavalry Corps
  • 26 x line cavalry regiments
  • 18 x dragoon regiments
  • 12 x chasseurs à cheval (light horse) regiments
  • 6 x hussar regiments
• Infantry Corps (non-foreign) – 79 line infantry regiments in two battalions, except for the King's Infantry Regiment with four
  • 23 x Foreign Line Infantry Regiments – with two battalions each
  • 12 x battalions of chasseurs
• 7 x artillery regiments – each with two battalions
• 15 x companies of sappers and miners

This official structure left the army with 218 infantry battalions, 14 artillery battalions, and 206 mounted cavalry squadrons. Its normal strength was therefore 172,974 men during peacetime or 210,948 men during wartime. These troops were not conscripted, and all troops were volunteers.

The reserve troops however, were selected by ballot and comprised two separate forces, the Militia Force (Troupes de Milice) and the Provincial Troops (Troupes Provinciales). The Militia was organised into 13 separate 'Royal Grenadier Militia' regiments organised by province or region. 16 provincial regiments, mostly based on the borders, and 78 garrison battalions, which were nominally independent but under administrative command of the infantry regiments. The reserve troops werefore comprised 55,240 men during peacetime or 76,000 during wartime. These troops were very well trained, and by no means can be compared to the part-time Militia of Great Britain, which was organised very differently. As part of the reductions to the Army in 1791, the reserve troops were disbanded with effect from 4 March 1791.

That same year, the creation of the National Volunteers saw a use for the recently distributed reserve troops. These reserve troops helped provide a massive pool and experienced cadre for the many new national volunteer troops answering the mass levy. The new volunteers called for each battalion to have 568 men from the national guard of the border departments, totalling around 26,000 men. The departments of Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Jura, Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin, Moselle, Meuse, Ardennes, and Aisne each provided as many men as they could possibly muster. The remainder of the departments provided between 2,000 and 3,000 troops each known as 'volunteers'.[1][2][3][4]

The decree of 21 July 1791 called for the creation of battalions within the interior for 74,000 troops, a massive expansion on the original 26,000 previously requested. The troops provided the first 170 battalions of national volunteers, the number of which would be increased successively from 200 to 380, then to 502, and finally a max of 755 battalions.[1]

The cavalry were less successful with creating volunteer units as the regular army had already been short of horses at the beginning of the war. There were however, some cavalry units formed nonetheless including six chasseurs à cheval companies (of 130 men) attached to the previous 6 volunteer units. Later, many new cavalry units were also formed including the Liberty Hussars, Equality Hussars, Poachers Hussars, Germanic Legion, and many others.[5]

Each national volunteer battalion varied in strength, but were all organised the same: 8 to 10 companies of 50 men and 3 officers each. Each battalion comprised 8 or 9 infantry companies, and one of grenadiers. The strength of the battalions varied from 500 to 800 men. The battalion was commanded by a colonel and two lieutenant colonels with each officer being elected by their unit.