Banias River

Banias River
Banias River
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Banias spring[1]
Mouth
• location	Dan River
• coordinates	33°11′45″N 35°37′32″E
Length	9 km
Basin features
River system	Upper Catchment of the Jordan River
Tributaries
• left	Sa'ar Stream; Pera' Stream
• right	Guvta Stream; Sion Stream[2]

Banias River (Arabic: نهر بانياس, romanized: Nahr Baniyas; Hebrew: נחל חרמון, romanized: Nahal Hermon)[3] is a river in the Golan Heights. It is the easternmost of the three main northern tributaries of the Jordan River; together with the Dan River and the Hasbani River, it forms the Jordan River's upper catchment (UCJR).[4] Israel has included the stream in the Hermon nature reserve.

Course and streamflow

The Banias spring and cave of Pan

The main source of the Banias River is the Banias spring, located at the southern base of the Hermon mountain range and contributing a discharge of 67·million m³ annually. From there the stream flows south for nine kilometers before draining into the Dan River.[1][5] Along the way, it drains the Guvta Stream (right), the Sa'ar Stream (left), the Pera' Stream (left), and the Sion (Ar.: el-'Asl[6]) Stream (right), with a total drainage area of 158 km². The total annual streamflow of the river comes to 106 million m³.[4]

Flora and fauna

The banks of the river abound in willow trees, oriental planes, silver-leaf poplars, Tabor oaks, Palestine oaks, Mt. Atlas mastics, terebinths, carobs, ferns, giant canes, and various vines.

The stream is home to a variety of fluvial fish, including longhead barbel, large-scale barbel, Damascus barbel, and tilapia. Living and roaming around the stream or in it are wild boars, Syrian rock hyrax, swamp cats, nutria, and Indian porcupines.[7]

Birds that frequent the vicinity of the stream include rock doves and Western rock nuthatch.[8]

References

Hartmann, Andreas (September 2008). "Process-based modelling of karst springs in Mt. Hermon, Israel" (PDF) (in English and German). University of Freiburg. p. 11. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Banias Spring is the spring contributing most of the discharge to the Hermon stream.
"וואלה!מפות" [Walla! Maps]. Walla! (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "Golan Heights and vicinity: October 1994". Library of Congress. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
Rimmer, Alon; Salingar, Yigal (2006). Krzysztofowicz, R. (ed.). "Modelling precipitation-streamflow processes in karst basin: The case of the Jordan River sources, Israel" (PDF). Journal of Hydrology. Elsevier. 331 (3–4): 527–528. Bibcode:2006JHyd..331..524R. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.003. Retrieved 20 July 2011. Rainfall and snowmelt of Mt. Hermon recharge the main tributaries of the UCJR: (1) Dan (252 x 10⁶ m³ annually); (2) Snir also known as Hatzbani (118 x 10⁶ m³); and (3) Hermon also known as Banias (106 x 10⁶ m³) (Table 2 and Fig. 2).
"Hermon Stream (Banias) Nature Reserve". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Nine kilometers from its source, the Hermon Stream meets the Dan, and together they form the Jordan River.
Mark Zeitoun; Karim Eid-Sabbagh; Muna Dajani; Michael Talhami (2012). "Hydro-political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River". Beirut: Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abd el Al (AFIAL) with the UEA Water Security Research Centre. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
Hareuveni, Imanuel (1985). "עמק החולה". In Ehud Avishai (ed.). Nature Reserves in Israel (in Hebrew) (2nd ed.). Israel: Ministry of Defense (Israel). pp. 64–66. ISBN 965-05-0193-2. במי הנחל רבים הדגים, ביניהם: בינית-ארֻכת-רֹאש, בינית גדולת-הקשקשים, חפף, בינון, לבנונית ואמנוּן.
Baraq, Pinhas. "The Nahal Hermon Reserve (Banias)". Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2011. Sometimes, rock hyrax can be found, lying on the piled-up rocks, and flocks of rock doves nest in depths of caves. You can occasionally spot Neumayer's Rock Nuthatch, which flies from Mount Hermon, and black sweet-water snails (melanopsis praemorsa) lie on the floor of pools.

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[hartmann-1] Hartmann, Andreas (September 2008). "Process-based modelling of karst springs in Mt. Hermon, Israel" (PDF) (in English and German). University of Freiburg. p. 11. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Banias Spring is the spring contributing most of the discharge to the Hermon stream.

[2] "וואלה!מפות" [Walla! Maps]. Walla! (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 August 2011.

[3] Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "Golan Heights and vicinity: October 1994". Library of Congress. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. Retrieved 12 December 2019.

[rimmer-4] Rimmer, Alon; Salingar, Yigal (2006). Krzysztofowicz, R. (ed.). "Modelling precipitation-streamflow processes in karst basin: The case of the Jordan River sources, Israel" (PDF). Journal of Hydrology. Elsevier. 331 (3–4): 527–528. Bibcode:2006JHyd..331..524R. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.003. Retrieved 20 July 2011. Rainfall and snowmelt of Mt. Hermon recharge the main tributaries of the UCJR: (1) Dan (252 x 10⁶ m³ annually); (2) Snir also known as Hatzbani (118 x 10⁶ m³); and (3) Hermon also known as Banias (106 x 10⁶ m³) (Table 2 and Fig. 2).

[inpa-5] "Hermon Stream (Banias) Nature Reserve". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011. Nine kilometers from its source, the Hermon Stream meets the Dan, and together they form the Jordan River.

[AFIAL2012-6] Mark Zeitoun; Karim Eid-Sabbagh; Muna Dajani; Michael Talhami (2012). "Hydro-political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River". Beirut: Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abd el Al (AFIAL) with the UEA Water Security Research Centre. Retrieved 18 April 2020.

[hareuveni-7] Hareuveni, Imanuel (1985). "עמק החולה". In Ehud Avishai (ed.). Nature Reserves in Israel (in Hebrew) (2nd ed.). Israel: Ministry of Defense (Israel). pp. 64–66. ISBN 965-05-0193-2. במי הנחל רבים הדגים, ביניהם: בינית-ארֻכת-רֹאש, בינית גדולת-הקשקשים, חפף, בינון, לבנונית ואמנוּן.

[8] Baraq, Pinhas. "The Nahal Hermon Reserve (Banias)". Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2011. Sometimes, rock hyrax can be found, lying on the piled-up rocks, and flocks of rock doves nest in depths of caves. You can occasionally spot Neumayer's Rock Nuthatch, which flies from Mount Hermon, and black sweet-water snails (melanopsis praemorsa) lie on the floor of pools.