Cutting

Cutting is the separation or opening of a physical object, into two or more portions, through the application of an acutely directed force.

Different types of scissors – sewing (left), paper (middle), kitchen (right)

A glass cutter, showing hardened steel cutting wheel (far left), notches for snapping, and ball (on end of handle) for tapping

Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and science the scalpel and microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient force. Even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient force (see water jet cutter).

Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs only when the total stress generated by the cutting implement exceeds the ultimate strength of the material of the object being cut. The simplest applicable equation is:

${\displaystyle {\text{stress}}={{\text{force}} \over {\text{area}}}}$ or ${\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {F}{A}}}$

The stress generated by a cutting implement is directly proportional to the force with which it is applied, and inversely proportional to the area of contact.[1] Hence, the smaller the area (i.e., the sharper the cutting implement), the less force is needed to cut something. It is generally seen that cutting edges are thinner for cutting soft materials and thicker for harder materials. This progression is seen from kitchen knife, to cleaver, to axe, and is a balance between the easy cutting action of a thin blade vs strength and edge durability of a thicker blade.