Marsilea

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. The name honours Italian naturalist Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1656–1730).[3]

Marsilea
Marsilea villosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Salviniales
Family: Marsileaceae
Genus: Marsilea
L.
Type species
Marsilea quadrifolia
Species[1]

See text.

Synonyms[2]

Lemma Juss. ex Adans.
Spheroidea Dulac
Zaluzianskia Neck.

These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because of the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either present above water or submerged.

The sporocarps of some Australian species are very drought-resistant, surviving up to 100 years in dry conditions. On wetting, the gelatinous interior of the sporocarp swells, splitting it and releasing a worm-like mass that carries sori, eventually leading to germination of spores and fertilization.

Uses
Marsilea hirsuta was introduced to the Azores but formerly thought to be an endemic species, M. azorica[4]

As food

Sporocarps of some Australian species such as Marsilea drummondii are edible and have been eaten by Aborigines and early white settlers, who knew it under the name ngardu or nardoo. Parts of Marsilea drummondii contain an enzyme which destroys thiamine (vitamin B1), leading to brain damage in sheep and horses. During floods in the Gwydir River basin 2,200 sheep died after eating nardoo. Three-quarters of the sheep that were affected did however respond to thiamine injections.[5] Thiamine deficiency from incorrectly prepared nardoo likely resulted in the starvation and death of Burke and Wills.[6][7]

The leaves of Marsilea crenata are part of the East Javanese cuisine of Indonesia, especially in the city of Surabaya. It is called Pecel Semanggi and is served with spicy peanut and sweet potato sauce.

Ornamental

A few species in the genus, such as Marsilea crenata, Marsilea exarata, Marsilea hirsuta, and Marsilea quadrifolia, are grown in aquaria.

Formerly placed here

Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Marsilea shows the following tree.[9] This tree indicates that M. crenata is the same species (or a subspecies) of M. minuta, and possibly M. fadeniana also. Additionally, this analysis contradicts reports[10] that M. polycarpa is a synonym for M. minuta

Nagalingum et al. 2007[9] Fern Tree of Life[11][12]
Group I
Clemys

M. crotophora

M. polycarpa

subgroup
Mutica

M. mutica

subgroup
Group II
Macrocarpa

M. aegyptiatica

M. botryocarpa

M. ephippiocarpa

M. farinosa

M. macrocarpa

M. schelpiana

M. vera

M. villifolia

subgroup
Nubica

M. nubica (Botswana)

M. nubica (Nigeria)

subgroup
Capensis

M. distorta

M. capensis

M. gibba

subgroup
Nodorhizae

M. ancyclopoda

M. macropoda

M. nashii (Grand Turk Island)

M. nashii (West Indies)

M. oligospora

M. vestita

M. villosa

M. mollis

subgroup
Marsilea

M. angustifolia

M. drummondii

M. minuta‑crenata‑

M. crenata (Indonesia)

M. crenata (Thailand)

M. minuta (India)

M. minuta (Myanmar)

M. minuta (Africa)

M. fadeniana

fadeniana complex

M. quadrifolia

subgroup
section

M. mutica Mett.[8]

M. scalaripes D.M. Johnson

M. crotophora D.M. Johnson[1]

M. deflexa A.Braun[1]

M. polycarpa Hooker & Greville

Clemys
M. macrocarpa

M. schelpeana Launert[1]

M. owambo Doweld[1]

M. villifolia Brem. & Oberm. ex Alston & Schelpe[1]

M. aegyptica Willd.[1]

M. ephippiocarpa Alston[1]

M. farinosa Launert[1]

M. botryocarpa Ballard[1]

M. macrocarpa C.Presl[1]

species‑group
section

M. strigosa Willdenow[1]

M. ancyclopoda A.Braun (Tropical Water Clover)[1]

M. macropoda Engelm. ex A.Braun[1]

M. nashii Underwood[1]

M. mollis B.L. Rob. & Fernald[1]

M. villosa Kaulf. (ʻIhiʻihi) (Hawaii)[8][1]

M. oligospora Goodd.[1]

M. vestita Hook. & Grev. (Hairy Water Clover)[8][1]

Nodorhizae
section

M. nubica A.Braun[1]

M. capensis A.Braun[1]

M. gibba Brown[1]

M. coromandelina Willd.[1]

M. distorta A.Braun[1]

M. quadrifolia L. (European Water Clover)[8][1]

M. fadeniana Launert

M. crenata C.Presl[8][1]

M. minuta L. (Dwarf Water Clover)[8][1]

M. drummondii A.Braun[8]

M. hirsuta R. Br.[1]

M. azorica Launert & Paiva

M. costulifera Jones

M. angustifolia Brown

M. exarata Brown

Marsilea

Other species include:

  • Marsilea aethiopica Launert
  • Marsilea apposita Launert[1]
  • Marsilea batardae Launen
  • Marsilea burchellii A.Braun[1]
  • Marsilea condensata Bak.
  • Marsilea cryptocarpa Albr. & Chinnock
  • Marsilea fenestrata Launert[1]
  • Marsilea globulosa Bouchart
  • Marsilea hickenii Herter
  • Marsilea latzii Jones
  • Marsilea megalomanica Launert
  • Marsilea pyriformis Bouchart
  • Marsilea quadrata Brown
  • Marsilea ×subangulata Brown
  • Marsilea subterranea Leprieur
  • Marsilea unicornis Launert[1]
  • Marsilea vera Launert[1]

See also

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marsilea.
Wikispecies has information related to Marsilea.
  1. "Marsilea — The Plant List". The Plant List. 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  2. "Genus: Marsilea L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  3. "Marsilea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1099. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 485, 1754". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  4. Schaefer, Hanno; Mark A Carine; Fred J Rumsey (October–December 2011). "From European priority species to invasive weed: Marsilea azorica is a misidentified alien". Systematic Botany. 36 (4): 845–853. doi:10.1600/036364411X604868. S2CID 84445774.
  5. Watt, Bruce, Managing the land – Toxic Plants, Pro Grazier, Winter, 2009, MLA
  6. Chaffey, Calder (June 2002). "A Fern which Changed Australian History". Australian Plants Online. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  7. Phoenix, Dave (2011). "Did Burke and Wills die because they ate nardoo?". State Library of Victoria: The Burke & Wills research gateway.
  8. "GRIN Species of Marsilea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  9. Nagalingum, Nathalie S.; Schneider, Harald; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2007). "Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Evolution in the Heterosporous Fern Genus Marsilea". Systematic Botany. 32 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1600/036364407780360256. ISSN 1548-2324. S2CID 18310429.
  10. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Sep 2017 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602149
  11. Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
  12. "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
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