Marie Jules Dupré

Marie-Jules Dupré was born on 25 November 1813 in Albi, Tarn.[1] His father was an army officer.[2] He attended the École Navale and graduated in 1831 as a midshipman. In 1847 Dupré was promoted to lieutenant commander. He fought in the Antilles between 1848 and 1851.[3]

Dupré was promoted to commander in 1854. He fought in the Crimean War, then served in the expeditions to Syria and Saigon.[3] In 1861 Dupré concluded a commercial treaty with Radama II, King of Madagascar. He was Governor of Réunion from 1864 to 1869.[1] As governor of Réunion he was always helpful to scientific researchers, and in return the Madagascan fruit bat (Eidolon dupreanum) was named in his honour.[4] In 1867 he was promoted to rear admiral. In 1870 Dupré participated in the French blockade of Chinese and Japanese ports.[3] The French were trying to keep these ports closed to the Germans.[5] Dupré was present at the Tianjin Massacre.[3]

Dupré was Governor of Cochinchina from 1 April 1871 to 16 March 1874.[6][lower-alpha 1] The French were recovering from the Franco-Prussian War, saw little value in the colony of Cochinchina and were against expanding their colonial empire.[2] Dupré disagreed, and saw great potential for France in Vietnam. He strengthened the Native Affairs Service, promoted primary education and introduced compulsory vaccination.[2] He established new schools including the Collège de Stagiaires, in which Annamese officials were trained for the French administration. He preferred to avoid major changes to the local laws, based on the Chinese system, since this could cause unrest and possibly revolt.[3]

Despite several requests by Dupré the French government did not want to further extend their power in the region.[3] In 1873 the Vietnamese objected to use of the Red River route to China by the French trader Jean Dupuis. Dupré ignored government instructions and dispatched Francis Garnier with a naval force to Hanoi, where it captured the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long.[3] Dupré was concerned that British and German enterprises on the China coast would intervene to block French access to China via Tonkin.[8] He seems to have given Garnier the mandate of attempting to establish a colonial base in Tonkin, but his written orders did not include instructions to this effect since that would have been against French official policy.[9] After the initial success Garnier was killed and the expeditionary force returned from Tonkin.[2]

Dupré next dispatched Paul-Louis-Félix Philastre to negotiate an treaty with the Emperor of Vietnam, Tự Đức.[5] In 1874 Tự Đức ratified the treaty, under which the French could trade with Haiphong, Hanoi and Qui Nhơn, a step towards annexation of the whole of Vietnam ten years later.[3][10] The treaty ceded the southern provinces of Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc and Hà Tiên to the French.[3]

The French government disapproved of Dupré's views and actions and recalled him to France. He was maritime prefect of Rochefort, Charente-Maritime and then of Toulon. He retired in 1878.[3] Dupré died in Paris on 8 February 1881.[5]