Marie Gottschalk

Marie Gottschalk (born December 17, 1958) is an American political scientist and professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, known for her work on mass incarceration in the United States. Gottschalk is the author of The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America (2006) and Caught: the Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics (2016). Her research investigates the origins of the carceral state in the United States, the critiques of the scope and size of the carceral network, and the intersections of the carceral state with race and economic inequality.

Marie Gottschalk
Born (1958-12-17) December 17, 1958
Academic background
EducationCornell University (BA)
Princeton University (MPA)
Yale University (MA, PhD)
Academic work
DisciplinePolitical science
InstitutionsUniversity of Pennsylvania
Main interestscriminal justice
health policy
race
the welfare state
Notable worksThe Prison and the Gallows (2006)
Caught (2016)
Notable ideasHistory and critique of the American carceral state

Early life

Gottschalk was born on December 17, 1958. She received her B.A. in history from Cornell University, her M.P.A. from Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School, and her M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from Yale University.

Career

In the 1980s she spent two years in China as a university lecturer and published on international relationships between China and the United States under the Bush administration.[1] By 1992, after having worked as a journalist, she was associate editor of World Policy Journal (WPJ). In a 1992 WPJ article she echoed concerns expressed by Washington Post journalist, Colman McCarthy that the American media, which were under "unprecedented restrictions" during the Gulf War, was—like the "American consumer, corporation and Congress"—being profoundly re-shaped by the Bush administration.[2][3][4] Before joining the University of Pennsylvania, she also worked as a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation and as a Fulbright Program Distinguished Lecturer in Japan. She served on the American Academy of Arts and Sciences' National Task Force on Mass Incarceration and the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on the Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration.[5] She was featured in the Academy Award-nominated 2016 documentary 13th.[6]

Selected publications

In her widely cited 2006 book entitled, The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America,[7] Gottschalk traced the nationalization and politicization of law and order, the relationship between power and punishment, the origins and construction of the carceral state in the United States from the 1920s through the 1960s, prison activism and prison rights, public policies in the penal system, and capital punishment.[7]

In her 2008 Annual Review of Political Science article, "Hiding in Plain Sight: American Politics and the Carceral State", she traced the "emergence, consolidation and "explosive growth" of the American carceral state as a "major milestone in American political development", that was "unprecedented" among Western countries and in US history."[8]: 235  She called for more research on the causes and consequences of the "retributive turn" in American penal policies. She described the carceral turn in academic research from the late 1990s onwards, with disciplines, such as criminology, sociology, law, and political science, investigating "politics and the origins of the carceral state." By the 2000s, new research expanded the scope of the literature on the carceral state to include its "political consequences" and to analyse its implications. The sheer size of the carceral state was beginning to "transform fundamental democratic institutions." According to Gottschalk, democratic "free and fair elections" and "accurate and representative census" were no longer assured. The literature on American politics and the carceral state which has expanded far beyond criminal justice, included "voter turnout", the "vanishing voter," the role of neoliberalism in the economic policies of the 1990s, and the rise of the national Republican Party. She wrote that this new "scholarship on the carceral state" also raises concerns regarding "power and resistance for marginalized and stigmatized groups."[8]: 235 

Her 2014 online publication, Caught, Gottschalk, was a scathing critique of the American carceral state, which she described as "metastasizing". She investigated the carceral phenomenon through the lens of race, sex offenders, political and economic inequality, the criminalization of immigration, recidivism, and the continuum of the carceral network beyond prison walls.[9] It was re-published with the title, Caught: the Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics, by Princeton University Press in 2016.[10] She examined the impact of the Great Recession—the financial crisis of 2007–2008—[11][12] on the "Great Confinement".[10]

In the first chapter Gottschalk described how "a tenacious carceral state has sprouted in the shadows of mass imprisonment and has been extending its reach far beyond the prison gate. It includes not only the country’s vast archipelago of jails and prisons, but also the far-reaching and growing penal punishments and controls that lies in the never-never land between the prison gate and full citizenship. As it sunders families and communities and radically reworks conceptions of democracy, rights, and citizenship, the carceral state poses a formidable political and social challenge." She said that until the carceral turn in the social sciences in the late 1990s, "mass imprisonment was largely an invisible issue in the United States". By 2014, there was widespread criticism of mass incarceration but very modest reform.[10]

Reviews and mentions

Gottschalk is widely cited in research related to the carceral state.[13][14][15][16] Cornell Center for Social Sciences professor, Peter K. Enns, who is the author of Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World (2016) described Gottschalk's 2006 The Prison and the Gallows, as "pathbreaking."[17]: 13  Enns agrees with Gottschalk's conclusion that policymakers overestimate the public's opinion on crime as more punitive than it is.[17]: 13  [7]: 27  He cites Gottschalk's Caught, saying that statistics on the millions in America's jails and prisons, understate the "scope of the carceral state", which more than triples when including those on probation and parole.[17]: 160 

13th
Main article: 13th (film)

The 2016 Netflix documentary, 13th by director Ava DuVernay, and entitled after the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution—which abolished slavery—explores the "intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States."[18] Caught was cited by Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor in her dissenting opinion in Utah v. Strieff.[6] In 13, this scene is featured.[6][19][18]

Awards and honors

The Prison and the Gallows won the 2007 Ellis W. Hawley Prize from the Organization of American Historians,[5]

Caught won the 2016 Michael Harrington Book Award from the New Political Science Section of the American Political Science Association.[20]

References
  1. Gottschalk, Marie (1989). "The Failure of American Policy". World Policy Journal. 6 (4): 667–684. ISSN 0740-2775. JSTOR 40209129.
  2. McCarthy, Colman (March 17, 1991). "When the Media Danced to Jingo Bells". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  3. Gottschalk, Marie (1992). "Operation Desert Cloud: The Media and the Gulf War". World Policy Journal. 9 (3): 449–486. ISSN 0740-2775. JSTOR 40209262.
  4. Gottschalk, Marie (June 1, 1999). The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business, and the Politics of Health-care in the United States. pp. 489–529. doi:10.1215/03616878-24-3-489. ISBN 978-0-8014-8648-7. PMID 10386325. Retrieved January 11, 2020. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  5. "Marie Gottschalk". University of Pennsylvania Political Science Department. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  6. Imburgia, Stephen (January 26, 2017). "This Penn professor was cited in a SCOTUS decision and featured in an Oscar-nominated film". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  7. Gottschalk, Marie (2006). The prison and the gallows: the politics of mass incarceration in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 451. ISBN 0521864275. OCLC 452916038.
  8. Gottschalk, Marie (June 15, 2008). "Hiding in Plain Sight: American Politics and the Carceral State". Annual Review of Political Science. 11: 235–260. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135218.
  9. Gottschalk, Marie (2014), Caught, ISBN 978-0691164052, OCLC 900396421
  10. Gottschalk, Marie (2016). Caught: the Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics. Princeton University Press.
  11. Binyamin, Appelbaum (September 4, 2014). "Fed Says Growth Lifts the Affluent, Leaving Behind Everyone Else". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  12. Chokshi, Niraj (August 11, 2014). "Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  13. Simon, Jonathan (February 3, 2007). Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804002-6.
  14. Pager, Devah (2008-09-15). Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64485-1.
  15. Gottschalk, Marie (2000). The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business, and the Politics of Health-care in the United States. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8648-7.
  16. Aman, Alfred C (2015). "Prison Privatization and Inmate Labor in the Global Economy: Reframing the Debate over Private Prisons": 55. Marie Gottschalk in Hiding in Plain Sight drew attention to the "absence of rehabilitation from [2015] current discourses of incarceration." {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. Enns, Peter K. (March 22, 2016). Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-13288-7. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  18. Manohla Dargis, "Review: ‘13TH,’ the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars", The New York Times, September 29, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017
  19. Howard Barish, Ava DuVernay, Spencer Averick (September 30, 2016). 13th. Netflix.
  20. Gottschalk, Marie (16 February 2016). Caught. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691170831. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
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