Malacosteus australis

Malacosteus australis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Stomiiformes
Family:	Stomiidae
Genus:	Malacosteus
Species:	M. australis
Binomial name
	Malacosteus australis; Kenaley, 2007
Synonyms
	Malacosteus choristodactylus Vaillant, 1888; Malacosteus danae Regan & Trewavas, 1930; Malacosteus indicus Günther, 1878;

Malacosteus australis, the southern stoplight loosejaw, is a species of barbeled dragonfish. This species is mainly distinguished from Malacosteus niger by a smaller postorbital photophore in both sexes and lower numbers of lateral photophores. It also differs in having somewhat smaller jaws, a fleshy orbit, and several subtle morphological traits. The maximum known length is 253.2 mm. Its specific epithet comes from the Latin austral, meaning "southern".[1] It is known for its red bioluminescence which helps M. australis visualize in the aphotic deep sea.

Description

Malacosteus australis have long bodies with large eyes. The blunt and short snout has a single round nostril. This species have barbed, curved, knife-shaped teeth. They have thin, scale-less, black skin.

Red light physiological adaptation

Malacosteus australis, along with three of the four loosejaw genera (Malacosteus, Pachystomias, and Aristostomias) have an adaptation to their accessory orbital photophore. Malacosteus have a large single tear-dropped size accessory light organ. Blue light travels farthest in the ocean, so because of this, most organisms have eyes adjusted to see blues and greens well, but can't detect other colors very well or at all. This adaptation to these loosejaw genera allow these organisms to have red-light bioluminescence.[1] An emission maxima above 515 (such as the M. australis's red light) is very rare.[2] In the mesopelagic region, this red light is undetectable visually to all the other fish. Malacosteus uses a bacteriochlorophyll-based photosensitizer to be able to see long wavelengths.[1]

References

Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Malacosteus australis" in FishBase. February 2012 version.

Kenaley, Christopher P. (2007-12-28). "Revision of the Stoplight Loosejaw Genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with Description of a New Species from the Temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean". Copeia. 2007 (4): 886–900. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0045-8511. S2CID 1038874.
Herring, Peter J.; Cope, Celia (December 2005). "Red bioluminescence in fishes: on the suborbital photophores of Malacosteus, Pachystomias and Aristostomias". Marine Biology. 148 (2): 383–394. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0085-3. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 86463272.

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[:0-1] Kenaley, Christopher P. (2007-12-28). "Revision of the Stoplight Loosejaw Genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with Description of a New Species from the Temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean". Copeia. 2007 (4): 886–900. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0045-8511. S2CID 1038874.

[2] Herring, Peter J.; Cope, Celia (December 2005). "Red bioluminescence in fishes: on the suborbital photophores of Malacosteus, Pachystomias and Aristostomias". Marine Biology. 148 (2): 383–394. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0085-3. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 86463272.