Magnús Eiríksson

Magnús Eiríksson (22 June 1806 in Skinnalón (Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla), Iceland – 3 July 1881 in Copenhagen, Denmark) was an Icelandic theologian and a contemporary critic of Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813–1855) and Hans Lassen Martensen (1808–1884) in Copenhagen.

Magnús Eiríksson was also the Old Norse name of Magnus IV of Sweden.

Due to his very critical attitude towards the church dogma, especially the dogmas of the Trinity of God and the Divinity of Christ, in contrast to which he stressed (at least in his late work) the essential unity of God and the leadership of Jesus (merely) as prophet and teacher, Eiríksson often was labeled as a “pioneer” or “precursor” [1] to the Unitarian movement in Denmark.

Magnús Eiríksson (approx. 1876)
Signature of Magnús Eiríksson
Skinnalón, Parish of Ásmundarstaðir, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla (D. Dankel)

Childhood and study of theology

Magnús Eiríksson was born the eldest of the five children of Eiríkur Grímsson († 1812), a farmer, and Þorbjörg Stephánsdóttir († 1841), a pastor's daughter, in Skinnalón, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla, on the northeastern tip of Iceland. In 1831, he left for Copenhagen to take the university entrance examination. He then remained in Copenhagen until his death in 1881. Eiríksson studied theology at the University of Copenhagen, where he was deeply influenced by Professor Henrik Nicolai Clausen (1793–1877), who represented a form of theological rationalism which appealed to him.[2] After obtaining his degree in 1837, Eiríksson became a tutor to theology students (manuduktør), among whom he enjoyed considerable popularity.

Eiríksson’s relations to Martensen and Kierkegaard (1844-1850)

Eiríksson as an opponent of Martensen

Unlike to Clausen's rationalism, Eiríksson was very critical to H. L. Martensen's speculative theology, which he violently attacked in various publications from 1844 to 1850. His basic point was that faith was based on reason, and "only that which can be accepted by reason can and should be accepted by faith".[3] Martensen refused to become involved in polemic with Eiríksson, and remained completely silent. This silence so irritated Eiríksson that in 1847 he wrote a letter to King Christian VII denouncing Martensen's silence as "inexcusable, dishonest and dishonorable" [4] and demanding that Martensen be relieved of his professorship at Copenhagen University. His accusations against Martensen were violent and uncontrolled, but at the same time he also attacked the Government's alleged absolutism. As a result, the public prosecutor was ordered to institute proceedings against him. With the king's death in 1848, however, and the general amnesty which accompanied his successor, Frederik VII's, accession to the throne, these were dropped. Eiríksson's attack on Martensen harmed himself most, particularly financially, as the students, in sympathy with their famous professor, stopped using Eiríksson as a tutor. His financial situation became particularly bad, and he (at least) twice wrote to Søren Kierkegaard asking for help, but Kierkegaard refused.[5]

Eiríksson as an unwelcome ally of Kierkegaard

In his attack on speculative theology, and especially on Martensen's, Eiríksson thought he had an ally in Søren Kierkegaard and Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846) supported him in this claim. Kierkegaard, however, vigorously protested against this "unauthorized acknowledgment" of his writings by "that raging Roland" and accused Eiríksson of attributing to him motives of which there is not a trace in the book.[6] Regarding Eiríksson's efforts to get Martensen dismissed, Kierkegaard comments: "And with the violence and force of the Devil he has involved my 'Concluding Unscientific Postscript' in his ... campaign. ... I do not know either whether M.E. has read the book. But if he has read it, I do know that he has absolutely, mendaciously and presumptuously misunderstood it" [7] In 1850 Eiríksson published pseudonymously [Theophilus Nicolaus] his book Er Troen et Paradox og 'i Kraft af det Absurde'? [Is Faith a Paradox and 'by Virtue of the Absurd'?] where he criticized Kierkegaard's account of faith. Eiríksson declared that faith must not be made into a paradox, for "when faith is genuine and strong, it has its firm base and deep root in the immediate intellectual faculty in man, which we call reason."[8] Faith understood as a paradox “annuls and destroys all independent thought.” [9] In his (albeit unpublished) answer to Theophilus Nicolaus, alias Eiríksson, Kierkegaard claims that Eiríksson has completely misunderstood his works and quite overlooked their main concern. In his zeal to prove that faith was not in any way a paradox, Eiríksson – according to Kierkegaard – had lost Christianity: “Both the paradox and Christianity, jointly and separately, vanished completely”.[10] Therefore, instead of inviting Kierkegaard to "take up that matter of the paradox" again, Eiríksson should himself first take up Christianity which, in his zeal, he had lost.[11]

The periods of silence (1850–1863) and harsh criticism of Christian dogmatic theology (1863-74)

With the exception of a few articles[12] Eiríksson remained silent in the period 1850–1863. In these years he went through a spiritual crisis. He came to see clearly that the Church's doctrine that God became man in and through Jesus Christ had to be rejected, for it would have the result of leading to the deification of man. German biblical criticism and, in particular, the influence of the Tübingen School caused him to break radically with Johannine and Pauline theology. In Jøder og Christne [Jews and Christians] (1871) Eiríksson drew the ultimate conclusion and explained that Judaism, which in his terminology meant an immediate childlike trust in God, was the only true religion. Jesus had only wanted to purify Judaism, and it is to purified Judaism that we must return.

In the face of the continuing silence of "the professionals", a number of laypeople with religious interests, such as the religious author Andreas Daniel Pedrin (1823–1891) and the postal supervisor and author Jørgen Christian Theodor Faber (1824–1886), felt called to take a public stand against Eiríksson's views.[13] In Denmark, on the whole, Eiríksson's late writings provoked a wide spectrum of reactions. These ranged in tone from radical rejection at one extreme, to open professions of sympathy for Eiríksson and his message at the other end. In his native Iceland, however, Eiríksson's reception was almost uniformly harsh. There his much-discussed book The Gospel of John (1863) sparked fierce controversy: not only theologians like Sigurður Melsteð (1819–1895),[14] but also the Catholic priests Jean-Baptiste Baudoin (1831–1875) and Bernard Bernard (1821–1895)[15] felt compelled to take a stand against him. In Sweden, by contrast, Eiríksson's thought found more fertile soil—thanks above all to the "freethinking pastor" Nils Johan Ekdahl (1799–1870), who translated two of Eiríksson's books into Swedish.[16] It is not by chance that, in 1877, Eiríksson's final publications appeared in Swedish newspapers and periodicals–most prominently in the journal Sanningssökaren ["The Truth-Seeker"].

Had Eiríksson's supporters and friends not arranged a modest annuity to supplement his state pension, Eiríksson would surely have suffered acute financial distress during his final years. In mid-1878, Eiríksson was even provided with funds to make a brief return to Iceland, but his failing health made such a visit impossible. After his death on July 3, 1881, at Frederiks Hospital in Copenhagen, Eiríksson's friends set up a mounted bust on his grave in Garnisons Kirkegård.

Selected bibliography

Main works
  • Om Baptister og Barnedaab [On Baptists and Infant Baptism], Copenhagen 1844.
  • Tro, Overtro og Vantro [Faith, Superstition and Heresy], Copenhagen 1846.
  • Dr. Martensens trykte moralske Paragrapher [Dr. Martensen's Printed Moral Paragraphs], Copenhagen 1846.
  • Speculativ Rettroenhed [Speculative Orthodoxy], Copenhagen 1849.
  • [Theophilus Nicolaus], Er Troen et Paradox og “i Kraft af det Absurde”? [Is Faith a Paradox and ‘by Virtue of the Absurd’?], Copenhagen 1850.
  • Den nydanske Theologies Cardinaldyder [Modern Danish Theology's Cardinal Virtues], Copenhagen 1850.
  • Om Johannes-Evangeliet [About the Gospel of John], Copenhagen 1863.
  • Gud og Reformatoren [God and the Reformator], Copenhagen 1866.
  • Paulus og Christus [Paul and Christ], Copenhagen 1871.
  • Jøder og Christne [Jews and Christians], Copenhagen 1873.

Secondary Literature on Eiríksson
  • Magnús Eiríksson. A Forgotten Contemporary of Kierkegaard, ed. by Gerhard Schreiber and Jon Stewart, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press 2017 (478 pp.) (Danish Golden Age Studies, vol. 10) ISBN 978-8763543903.
  • Eiríkur Albertsson, Magnús Eiríksson, guðfræði hans og trúarlíf (doctoral dissertation), Reykjavík 1938.
  • Stephen Hole Fritchman, Men of Liberty. Ten Unitarian Pioneers. With illustr. by Hendrik Willem van Loon, Boston 1944, pp. 163–180.
  • Emanuel Skjoldager, "An Unwanted Ally: Magnus Eiriksson," in: Bibliotheca Kierkegaardiana, vol. 12 (1983), pp. 102–108
  • Jóhanna Þráinsdóttir, "Er trúin þverstæða? Gagnrýni Magnúsar Eiríkssonar á trúarskoðunum Kierkegaards í 'Ugg og ótta'," in: Tímarit Máls og menningar, vol. 61 (2000), pp. 35–45.
  • Gerhard Schreiber, "Eiríksson, Magnús," in: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, vol. 28 (2007), pp. 517–538.
  • Gerhard Schreiber, "Ist der Glaube ein Paradox und “kraft des Absurden”? – Kierkegaards Auseinandersetzung mit Magnús Eiríksson," in: Kierkegaard and Faith, ed. by Roman Králik (et al.), Barcelona, Nitra, Málaga, Mexico City 2008, pp. 34-47.
  • David D. Possen, "On Kierkegaard’s Copenhagen Pagans," in: ‘Christian Discourses‘ and ‘The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress‘, ed. by Robert L. Perkins, Macon, GA 2008 (International Kierkegaard Commentary, vol. 17), pp. 35–59, especially pp. 43–47.
  • Gerhard Schreiber: "Eiríksson: An Opponent of Martensen and an Unwelcome Ally of Kierkegaard," in: Kierkegaard and His Danish Contemporaries, Tome II: Theology, ed. by Jon Stewart, Aldershot 2009 (KRSSR, vol. 7), pp. 49–94.
  • Vilhjálmur Árnason: "'Neglect and Misunderstanding'”: The Reception of Kierkegaard in Iceland," in: Kierkegaard's International Reception, Tome I: Northern and Western Europe, ed. by Jon Stewart, Aldershot 2009 (KRSRR, vol. 8), pp. 219–236.
  • Gerhard Schreiber: "'Like a Voice in the Wilderness': Magnús Eiríksson's Tenacious Critique of Martensen—and Martensen's 'Lofty Silence'," in: Hans Lassen Martensen. Theologian, Philosopher and Social Critic, ed. by Jon Stewart, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press 2012 (Danish Golden Age Studies, vol. 6), pp. 155–191.

Notes
  1. See e.g. Ágúst H. Bjarnason, "Magnus Eiriksson, the first Icelandic Unitarian" (Lecture at Harvard Divinity School, May 21, 1923; handwritten manuscript); Stephen H. Fritchman, Men of Liberty. Ten Unitarian Pioneers, Boston 1944 [reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing 2007)], pp. 163-180; Thorvald Kierkegaard, Magnus Eiriksson og Mary B. Westenholz. To Forkæmpere for Unitarismen i Danmark, Copenhagen 1958, pp. 3-9. See also Eiríkssons articles in the Swedish periodical Sanningssökaren, which was published by the Unitarian association Sanningenssökarna, e.g."Förnuftstro och kyrkolära. Bref från an gammal sanningsökare," in Sanningssökaren (1877), pp. 41-47.
  2. Cf. Eiríksson’s own portrayal of this time in his work Om Baptister og Barnedaab, Copenhagen 1844, pp. III – XIII.
  3. Tro, Overtro og Vantro, Copenhagen 1846, p. 93ff
  4. Speculativ Rettroenhed, Copenhagen 1849, p. II.
  5. Cf. Breve og Aktstykker vedr. Søren Kierkegaard, vol. 1, pp. 181-183 (no. 163 and 164) as well as Kierkegaard’s draft "A Little Explanation" in Pap. VIII-2 B 175-176.
  6. See Kierkegaard’s journal entry "Self-defense against unauthorized acknowledgment" in Pap. VII-1 B 88.
  7. Pap. VII-1 B 88, p. 289, transl. by H. Hong in Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Princeton 1992, vol. 2 (suppl.), p. 128.
  8. Er Troen et Paradox og 'i Kraft af det Absurde'?, Copenhagen 1850, p. 23.
  9. Er Troen et Paradox og ‘i Kraft af det Absurde’?', op. cit., p. 46.
  10. Pap. X-6 B 68, p. 75 / H. and E. Hong, Kierkegaard’s Journals and Papers, vol. 6, no. 6598, cf. p. 302: "you did superbly well: both the paradox and Christianity, jointly and separately, vanished completely."
  11. Pap. X-2 A 594 ("An Observation about Something in 'Fear and Trembling'") / H. and E. Hong, Søren Kierkegaard’s Journals and Papers, vol. 3, no. 3130.
  12. Cf. Art. "Wartburg," in: Illustreret Magazin 2 (1854), pp. 283-284 (no. 36) and p. 301 (no. 38); Art. "Brigham Joung" [= Brigham Young], in: Illustreret Magazin 2 (1854), pp. 281-283 (no. 36) and pp. 290-292 (no. 37); "Endnu et Indlæg i Sagen: Dr. S. Kierkegaard contra Biskop Martensen m. Fl.," in: Avertissements-Tidende (1855), no. 82-86,89,91-93; "Til Íslendínga," in: Þjóðólfr 9 (1856/57), p. 140 (no. 34/35); "Brudstykker af den islandske Elucidarius," in: Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, Copenhagen 1857, pp. 238-308.
  13. See A.D. Pedrin, Vor Herres og Frelsers Jesu Christi nye Testament og Magnus Eirikssons reformeerte Jødedom, Copenhagen 1874 and J.C.T. Faber, Aabent Brev til Danmarks Theologer om Nyrationalismens Forhold til den kristne Tro, Copenhagen 1871
  14. See e.g. Melsteð’s critical review of Eiríksson’s Jóhannesar guðspjall og Lærdómur kirkjunnar um guð, nokkrar athugasemdir til yfirvegunar Þeim Íslendíngum, sem ekki vilja svívirða og lasta guð með trú sinni, Copenhagen 1865 [Eiríksson’s Icelandic extract from his book Er Johannes-Evangeliet et apostolisk og ægte Evangelium (1863)], in Þjóðólfur 17 (1864/65), nos. 29.31-32.35-36.42-43.45-46 and 47-48)
  15. See the section "Catholic revival" in the article "Religion in Iceland".
  16. See Johannis Evangelium. Är det en äkta apostolisk bok och är dess lära: att Gud är vorden menniska, en sann och kristlig lära? En Religiös-Dogmatisk Historisk-Kritisk Undersökning, Stockholm 1864 and Läran om dopet, Stockholm 1865 [the Swedish translation of Eiríksson's Hvem har Ret: Grundtvigianerne eller deres Modstandere? (1863)]
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