MAP6

A murine isoform of MAP6, MAP6-N, has 3 major domains:

12 calmodulin binding domains, 3 Mn domains, and 3-6 Mc domains.[8]

• Calmodulin-binding domains: 12 of the calmodulin-binding domains exist in MAP6-N. In vitro studies show that Ca⁺²-Calmodulin (CaM) binding to MAP6 prevents binding to microtubules. According to a model proposed by Ramkumar and collaborators,[8] upon synaptic activity, the Ca⁺²-CaM complex forms, where it detaches MAP6 from adjacent microtubules, and activates Ca⁺²/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). When Ca⁺² level decreases, CaM is released from MAP6 and is then phosphorylated by CaMKII.The phosphorylated MAP6 cannot re-associate with microtubules. Instead, the phosphorylated MAP6 binds and stabilizes synaptic F-actin. The large number of calmodulin-binding domains overlapping the Mn and Mc modules in MAP6 provides evidence that MAP6 binding to microtubules is likely to be tightly regulated in cells.
• Mn domains: 3 of these exist in MAP6-N. They partially overlap the calmodulin binding domain and stabilize microtubules against both cold and nocodazole-induced depolymerization by forming bridges with adjacent tubulin heterodimers either between protofilaments, or longitudinally within the same protofilament.[8]
• Mc domains: The Mc domains are central repeat domains that each encompass a calmodulin binding region. Mc regions are only in present in vertebrates and are thus absent from fish, frogs, lizards or birds.[8] In vitro studies show Mc modules act as cold sensors, where cold temperature induces a conformational change in Mc modules that subsequently allow them to interact with microtubules.

MAP6 can also associate with the Golgi apparatus through palmitoylation of their N-terminal domains.[9] N-terminal cysteines of MAP6 domain-containing protein 1 (MAP6d1), a postnatally expressed isoform in the mouse central nervous system, are palmitoylated by DHHC-type palmitoylating enzymes. Through palmitoylation, MAP6 can be targeted to a newly formed axon and is involved in microtubule and membrane shuttling.

MAP6 is a multi-functional protein. While it is involved with microtubules, it can also be involved in neuroreceptor homeostasis, endocytosis, nuclear function, and signal transduction pathways.

MAP6 interacts with microtubules by localizing in the lumen of microtubules. MAP6 alters the conformation of a growing microtubules by inducing the microtubule to coil into a left-handed helix with a long-range helicity with a pitch of 5.5 ± 0.8 μm.[10] This coiling pattern requires the Mn and Mc modules, as well as the first 35 N-terminal residues. MAP6 is also shown to be involved at the tip of the microtubule. Additionally, during microtubule polymerization, MAP6 induces the formation of stable apertures in the lattice, which is likely used to relieve mechanical stress.

In neuroreceptor homeostasis, MAP6 was consistently identified in synaptic proteomes, even though microtubules are only transiently present in both pre- and post-synaptic compartments of axonal boutons or dendritic spines. This suggests that MAP6 has microtubule independent roles as well. MAP6 is also associated with subicular neurons from the hippocampus, where it is involved with the receptors Neuropilin1, Plexin D1, and VEGFR2—which together make up the tripartite Semaphorin 3E receptor, which aids in the formation of the fornix. A knockout of the MAP6 gene in mice led to the absence of the post-commissural part of the fornix, producing a disconnect between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.[11]

MAP6 is also involved in the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, two regions where adult neurogenesis is known to occur. In neurogenesis studies with mice with the MAP6 knockout, there was an increase in the number of proliferating cells in the olfactory epithelium with increased apoptosis,[12] while there was a decrease in proliferating cells in the hippocampus.[13] The exact mechanism behind how MAP6 aids in neurogenesis is unclear.

A MAP6-related protein, TbSAXO, has been discovered in Trypanosoma brucei.[14] The domains of the protein responsible for microtubule binding and stabilizing share homologies with the Mn domains of MAP6.TbSAXO is an axonemal protein that plays a role in flagellum motility, showing that a MAP6-related protein can play a role in flagellum motility as well.

MAP6 functions as a neuronal protein that aids in microtubule stabilization. Studies with mice that have knockouts of MAP6 (MAP6 KO mice) are viable, but they show biological and behavioral alterations, which are similar to symptoms of schizophrenia.