M1-67

M1-67 is an ejecta nebula that surrounds the Wolf–Rayet star WR 124, which is about 5.87 kpc from Earth[2] in the constellation of Sagitta. It contains dust which is caught up in WR 124's solar wind and which absorbs much of the star's light. It was discovered by American astronomer Paul W. Merrill in 1938,[3] at the same time that he discovered the star it surrounds. It is approximately 6 lightyears across, making it about 20,000 years old.

M1-67
Nebula
The ejecta shell that was created 10,000 years ago. The star, WR 124, is visible in the center of the image.
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension19h 11m 30.875s[1]
Declination+16° 51′ 38.199″[1]
ConstellationSagitta

Distance and characteristics

A 2010 study focused on M1-67, measuring its expansion rate by using Hubble Space Telescope photographs taken 11 years apart. The expansion rate was then compared to the expansion velocity, which was calculated from the Doppler shift of its nebular emission lines, resulting in a geometric distance of d=3.35 ± 0.67kpc.[4] NASA has confirmed that the released gas is traveling at up to 100,000 mp/h, causing turbulence, and carrying along approximately 100 billion-mile wide glowing blobs, with each blob being around 30 times the mass of the Earth. The blast took place around 10,000 years or 10 millennia ago.[5][6] An infrared study of the nebula showed that it consists of mildly processed material with number ratios of N/O = 1.0 ± 0.5 and C/O = 0.46 ± 0.27. The mass of the nebula's dust has been confirmed to be 0.22 M☉.[7]

The morphology of M-167 is complex and knotted, unlike other Wolf–Rayet nebulae.[8] Studying the dynamics of the nebula has suggested that it has interacted with the surrounding ISM, causing a bow shock which travels at a high velocity of about 180 km/s. WR 124 is determined to be about 1.3 parsecs away from the bow shock.[9] The wind collided with the bow shock shortly after the outburst, oriented along its main axis, as evidenced by the lack of emission found within the radial velocities in the centre of the nebula as seen from telescopes on Earth. Higher radial velocities were found in the center and lower velocities near the edge, giving an estimated expansion rate of 150 km/s and dynamical timescales of 8 to 20 kyr.[9] However, there are other explanations for its shape that do not require a bow shock. An alternative model suggest that WR 124 is a bipolar nebula with its axis in pointing northwest, surrounded by an equatorial torus, as well as jets expanding in the eastern direction.[8]

References
  1. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. "Wolf-Rayet Star Catalogue". www.pacrowther.staff.shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  3. Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (2000-03-01). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 355: L27–L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361.
  4. Marchenko, S. V.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Crowther, P. A. (2010-11-20). "Population I Wolf-Rayet Runaway Stars: the Case of WR124 and its Expanding Nebula M1-67". The Astrophysical Journal. 724 (1): L90–L94. arXiv:1011.0785. Bibcode:2010ApJ...724L..90M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/L90. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 119186821.
  5. "Nebula M1-67 around Star WR124". HubbleSite.org. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  6. "Hubble's View of M1-67 Nebula - SpaceRef". spaceref.com. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  7. Vamvatira-Nakou, C.; Hutsemékers, D.; Royer, P.; Waelkens, C.; Groenewegen, M. a. T.; Barlow, M. J. (2016-04-01). "Herschel observations of the nebula M1-67 around the Wolf-Rayet star WR 124". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 588: A92. arXiv:1602.03422. Bibcode:2016A&A...588A..92V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527667. ISSN 0004-6361.
  8. Zavala, S.; Toalá, J. A.; Santamaría, E.; Ramos-Larios, G.; Sabin, L.; Quino-Mendoza, J. A.; Rubio, G.; Guerrero, M. A. (2022). "3D mapping of the Wolf–Rayet nebula M 1-67: Clues for post-common envelope evolution in massive stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 513 (3): 3317–3325. arXiv:2204.07778. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.513.3317Z. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1097.
  9. "INSPIRE". inspirehep.net. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
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