Mán Bạc

Mán Bạc is located on a loess plateau in an area dotted with limestone karst.[4] The site currently lies adjacent to a Catholic cemetery.[5] The site is currently about 25 km (16 mi) away from the modern coastline;[2] however, at the time of occupation at the site, the coastline was much closer and less than 1 km (1 mi) away.[3]

Although the term Neolithic has been used to describe Mán Bạc, Oxenham suggests that “Pre-Neolithic Pottery using Cultures” (PNPC) would be a more appropriate term to describe the culture at the site.[6] Although Man Bac is linked to the Bronze Age Phùng Nguyên culture, no bronze artifacts were recovered from the site.[7] Mán Bạc also lacks direct evidence for rice cultivation.[8] However, the people at Man Bac are thought to have farmed rice and raised pigs and dogs, as well as supplementing their diet with protein derived from hunting and fishing.[9]

Mán Bạc is characterized by a high mortality rate for infants and subadults,[10] very high levels of fertility, and high levels of population growth.[6][11] Most of the burials were interred with grave goods, with pottery being predominant.[12]

The artifact assemblage at Mán Bạc consists of a diverse range of tools and finished goods, including items such as nephrite beads, bracelets, bangles, rings, adzes, axes, chisels, blades, bone hooks, grinding stones, net sinkers, shell ornaments, lithic ornaments and ceramics.[9][11]

The faunal assemblage at the site consists primarily of fish and mammalian remains. The mammalian faunal assemblage is dominated by the remains of Sus scrofa. Most of the Sus remains are thought to belong to domesticated pigs; however, the pig remains appear to maintain some features associated with wild boars, and were likely in the initial process of domestication.[15]

Additional mammalian fauna found at Mán Bạc include rats, dogs, Aonyx cinerea, civet, rhinoceros, Muntiacus muntjak, deer, Bos or water buffalo, and Cetacea.[16] Compared to the number of taxa found at older Hoabinhian sites in northern Vietnam, which often included over 20 different taxa, the number of taxa hunted at Man Bac is clearly more limited. This suggests that hunting was likely less of a primary subsistence pursuit for the people of Man Bac.[17]

Many fish remains were also recovered from the site. The fish assemblage was dominated by the remains of marine and brackish water fish, with Acanthopagrus being the predominant species found. Other common species recovered from the site include sharks, rays, Lates calcarifer, Siluriformes and Serranidae. The remains of Trionychidae were also found at the site.[18]

Craniometric data suggests that the population at Mán Bạc was composed of a heterogeneous population. Several of the Mán Bạc craniums exhibit morphological similarities to the craniums found at later Dong Son culture sites from the Metal Period,[19] while some retained morphological similarities to earlier craniums from Hoabinhian or Bacsonian sites. Overall, the cranial morphologies at Man Bac appear to share the most similarities with those from the Metal Period, modern Southeast Asians, and the Chinese Neolithic site at Weidun from the lower Yangtze River. The variance in dental morphology was also higher at Mán Bạc than at later sites associated with the Metal Period.[6]