Louise Little

Louise Helen Norton Little (née Langdon; 1894 or 1897 - December 18, 1989[2]) was a Grenadian-born American activist. She was the mother of Malcolm X.

For the cricketer, see Louise Little (cricketer).
Louise Little
Louise and Earl Little in an undated photo
Born
Louise Helen Norton Langdon

1894 or 1897
La Digue, Saint Andrew Parish, Grenada
DiedDecember 18, 1989 (aged 91-95)[1]
Lilley Township, Michigan, U.S.
OccupationActivist
Spouse
Earl Little
​
​
(m. 1919; died 1931)​
Children8 (including Malcolm X)

Early years and family

Louise Norton Langdon Little was born in La Digue, Saint Andrew Parish, Grenada to Ella Langdon in either 1894 or 1897.[3] Ella was the daughter of Jupiter and Mary Jane Langdon, both of whom were kidnapped from the region of modern-day Nigeria and sold into slavery, before being freed by the British Royal Navy; the pair were eventually transported to the Grenadian village of La Digue.[4] It has been claimed that Louise's mother, Ella,[5] one of six children of the Langdons, was raped by a "significantly older" Scotsman named Norton, resulting in Louise's birth.[6][7]

In later years, Louise's maternal uncle, Egerton Langdon, stated that her father was a bank teller from England. A local historian has suggested that Louise had an older brother, Ruford, who died at only a few years of age.

Little was raised by her grandparents, Jupiter and Mary Jane, until his death in 1901 and hers in 1916.[8] She was educated in a local Anglican school, and was fluent in English, French and Grenadian Creole French.[9] After her grandmother's death, she emigrated from Grenada in 1917 to Montreal, where her uncle Egerton Langdon introduced her to Garveyism and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).[10]

Career

Through the UNIA in Montreal, she met Earl Little, a craftsman and lay minister from Reynolds, Georgia. The couple married on May 10, 1919.[11] The following year they moved to Philadelphia for a better life than they had in Canada, and then to Omaha, Nebraska in 1921. While in Omaha, she became the secretary and "branch reporter" of the UNIA's local chapter, sending news of local UNIA activities, led by Earl, to Negro World; they inculcated self-reliance and black pride in their children.[12][13][14] Their son Malcolm, who became famous as Malcolm X, later said that white violence killed four of his father's brothers.[15] Another son, Wilfred, later remembered that Louise "received letters from the leaders of the movement thanking her for the work she had done and praising her for her devotion to the cause".[16] Earl and Louise had seven children together: Wilfred (1920–1998), Hilda (1921–2015), Philbert (1923–1993), Malcolm (1925–1965), Reginald (1927–2001), Wesley (1928–2009) and Yvonne (1929–2003).

Because of Ku Klux Klan threats‍—‌Earl's UNIA activities were said to be "spreading trouble"[17]‍—‌the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and shortly thereafter to Lansing, Michigan.[18] There the family was frequently harassed by the Black Legion, a white racist group. When the family home burned in 1929, Earl accused the Black Legion.[19]

In 1931, Earl died in what was officially ruled a streetcar accident, though Louise believed Earl had been murdered by the Black Legion. Rumors that white racists were responsible for Earl's death were widely circulated, and were very disturbing to Louise and their children.[20] After a dispute with creditors, Louise received a life insurance benefit (nominally $1,000‍—‌about $19,000 in 2022 dollars[upper-alpha 1]) in payments of $18 per month;[21] the issuer of another, larger policy refused to pay, claiming her husband Earl had committed suicide.[22] To make ends meet Louise rented out part of her garden, and her sons hunted game.[23]

During the 1930s white Seventh-day Adventists witnessed to the Little family; later on Louise Little and her son Wilfred were baptized into the Seventh-day Adventist Church.[24] In 1937, a man Louise had been dating‍—‌marriage had seemed a possibility‍—‌vanished from her life when she became pregnant with his child, Robert (1938–1999).[25] In late 1938 she had a nervous breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital. The children were separated and sent to foster homes.

Little was institutionalized at the Kalamazoo Mental Hospital from 1939 through 1963. Malcolm‍—‌who rose to fame as Malcolm X, a leading minister of the Nation of Islam‍—‌joined his siblings in securing her release from the hospital. She lived with her surviving family and descendants for the rest of her life mostly in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Most of her children lived and died in Grand Rapids like her where she was a member of Bethel Seventh-Day Adventist Church.

References

Notes
  1. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved May 28, 2023.

Footnotes
  1. Solomon, Jolie (19 March 2022). "Overlooked No More: Louise Little, Activist and Mother of Malcolm X". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  2. Solomon, Jolie (19 March 2022). "Overlooked No More: Louise Little, Activist and Mother of Malcolm X". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  3. Jolie Solomon, "Overlooked No More: Louise Little: Activist and Mother of Malcolm X" in New York Times March 19, 2022 clearly states we do not know if Little was born in 1894 or 1897. Other sources give one year or the other, but it appears that we cannot state from actual available sources either year definitavely
  4. Blain, Keisha N. (February 19, 2017). "On Louise Little, the Mother of Malcolm X: An Interview with Erik S. McDuffie". Black Perspectives. African American Intellectual History Society. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  5. Russell, Jessica. The Life of Louise Norton Little: An extraordinary woman: mother of Malcolm X and his 7 siblings.
  6. McDuffie, Erik S. (Fall 2016). "The Diasporic Journeys of Louise Little: Grassroots Garveyism, the Midwest, and Community Feminism". Women, Gender, and Families of Color. 4 (2): 152. doi:10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0139.
  7. Graham, Lorraine (November 14, 2018). "Writer, Teacher, Activist and Voice for Caribbean History". College of Arts & Humanities, University of Maryland. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  8. McDuffie, pp. 152–153.
  9. Wurth, Julie (April 7, 2016). "Activist's mom 'stood her ground'". The News-Gazette. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  10. McDuffie, p. 155.
  11. McDuffie, p. 155.
  12. Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.
  13. Perry, Bruce (1991). Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-88268-103-0.
  14. Vincent, Ted (March–April 1989). "The Garveyite Parents of Malcolm X". The Black Scholar. 20 (2): 10–13. doi:10.1080/00064246.1989.11412923. JSTOR 41067613.
  15. Malcolm X; with the assistance of Alex Haley (1992) [1965]. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-345-37671-8.
  16. Carew, Jan (1994). Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-55652-218-5.
  17. DeCaro Jr., Louis A. (1996). On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8147-1864-3.
  18. Natambu, Kofi (2002). The Life and Work of Malcolm X. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-02-864218-5.
  19. Natambu, p. 4.
  20. Marable, Malcolm X, p. 29.
  21. Marable, Malcolm X, p. 32
  22. Natambu, p. 10.
  23. Marable, Malcolm X, p. 32.
  24. "Malcolm X and Seventh-day Adventism". blacksdahistory.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  25. Marable, Malcolm X, p. 35.

Sources
  • Blain, Keisha N. (February 19, 2017). "On Louise Little, the Mother of Malcolm X: An Interview with Erik S. McDuffie". Black Perspectives. African American Intellectual History Society. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  • Carew, Jan (1994). Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-55652-218-5.
  • DeCaro Jr., Louis A. (1996). On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8147-1864-3.
  • McDuffie, Erik S. (Fall 2016). "The Diasporic Journeys of Louise Little: Grassroots Garveyism, the Midwest, and Community Feminism". Women, Gender, and Families of Color. 4 (2): 152. doi:10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0139.
  • Malcolm X; with the assistance of Alex Haley (1992) [1965]. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-345-37671-8.
  • "Malcolm X and Seventh-day Adventism". blacksdahistory.org. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  • Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.
  • Natambu, Kofi (2002). The Life and Work of Malcolm X. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-02-864218-5.
  • Russell, J., Little, H., Jones, S. (2021). The Life of Louise Norton Little. Our Hidden Gem LLC. ISBN B08XLGGDSP.
  • Perry, Bruce (1991). Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-88268-103-0.
  • Vincent, Ted (March–April 1989). "The Garveyite Parents of Malcolm X". The Black Scholar. 20 (2): 10–13. JSTOR 41067613.
  • Wurth, Julie (April 7, 2016). "Activist's mom 'stood her ground'". The News-Gazette. Retrieved July 14, 2018.

Further reading
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