Lithophane

A lithophane is a thin plaque of translucent material, normally porcelain, which has been moulded to varying thickness, such that when lit from behind the different thicknesses show as different shades, forming an image. Only when lit from behind does the image display properly.[2] They were invented in the 19th century and became very popular, typically for lampshades, nightlights, or to be hung on windows. They could also be given stands, to be placed in front of a light source.[3] The longest side of a lithophane is typically between 6–10 in (15–25 cm).

Lamp by Vista Alegre, Portugal
For the moth, see Lithophane (moth).
Not to be confused with Lithophone.
Lithophane of Frederick the Great, lit from front. After a well known painting by Julius Schrader (1849).[1]
The same lithophane, backlit

The images tended to be artistically unadventurous, mostly repeating designs from prints, or paintings via reproductive prints. A large number were rather sentimental domestic genre scenes, though there were also portraits, landscapes and religious subjects.[4] The technique naturally produced images only in grisaille, tones of grey, but later ones were often painted in translucent paint such as that used for watercolours to give colour images. The name comes from Greek; lithos means "stone," and phainen, means "to cause to appear".[5]

Invented in France in the 1820s, they rapidly became popular and produced in various countries. But Germany soon became the main producer, remaining so for the rest of the century. The largest producer was the Prussian Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur (KPM) in Berlin, leading to "Berlin transparencies" becoming a common term for them in English.[6] The Plauesche Porzellanmanufaktur in Plaue, Thuringia, Germany, was another large manufacturer, who continued to make them into the second half of the 20th century.[5]

Their peak of production was perhaps from about 1840 to 1870.[5] By the end of the 19th century lithophanes had largely fallen from fashion, but in recent decades they have had something of a revival, using in addition to porcelain, glass, plastic, and with 3D printing sometimes paper.[7]

Technique

To make a porcelain lithophane, a wax plaque was placed on a glass backing and carved, so that by lighting from behind the developing image could be seen in a similar fashion to the final lithophane. A cast of the wax was then taken in plaster of Paris, which became the reuseable mould for the porcelain. This was generally left unglazed as biscuit porcelain.[8] As lithophanes became produced in larger numbers, more durable metal moulds were often used.[9]

As the porcelain is in places only about 1⁄8 in (3.2 mm) thick, wastage in firing was high, up to about 60%.[5]

History
Lithophane of Samuel Colt in 1855, lit from front and back

There were precedents in Chinese porcelain, in a technique known as an hua, meaning "secret" or "hidden decoration".[10] But this seems to have been produced by scratching or engraving the unfired porcelain body,[7] and was mostly used for floral decoration, or text inscriptions, often Buddhist, rather than the images in the Western tradition.[5] It was also mostly used on closed vessel shapes such as vases and teapots, suggesting that a backlit view was not intended to be used.

The European technique was invented by the French diplomat Baron Paul de Bourgoing (1791–1864), who patented it in 1827. His friend Baron Alexis du Tremblay had a pottery on his estate at Rubelles, and the earliest examples were made there. As de Bourgoing did not feel it appropriate, as a diplomat, for his name to be used in commerce, the lithophanes were marked "AdT" (for Tremblay's name).[11]

Other factories quickly adopted the technique, many under licence from de Bourgoing. Meissen porcelain made them from 1829, and had made tens of thousands by 1850.[12] Apart from Berlin and Plaue, mentioned above and perhaps the largest manufacturers, they were also made by Volkstedt, St Petersburg and Royal Copenhagen.[13]

There was an English patent, under licence from Bourgoing, granted in 1828, to a Robert Griffith Jones, who then gave sub-licences to English factories including Mintons, Copelands (later part of Spode) and Grainger's Factory in Worcester, later merged into Royal Worcester.[14]

By the end of the century the fashion was largely over, but lithophanes were made to commemorate the Coronation of Edward VII in 1902.[7] By the middle of the 20th century, the technique was used in Japan, mostly for gaudy teasets for American soldiers after World War II, with the lithophaned face of a geisha at the bottom of the cups.[7]

Modern lithophanes

Porcelain lithophanes are still made in limited numbers, by both studio potters and large manufacturers such as Bernardaud and Wedgwood.[15]

Similar effects can be achieved in moulded coloured glass, but these should probably not be called lithophanes. The term has revived in use for images created by digitally-controlled cutting ("CNC"), a subtractive process, or by 3D printing, an additive one. Many companies now offer to make one-off images, or the equipment to make them. Solutions are offered to add colour to these.[16][17][18]

Collections

Most museums with a collection of 19th-century porcelain have examples of lithophanes, though only a small number are likely to be on display. The largest collection belongs to the Blair Museum of Lithophanes, now at the Schedel Arboretum and Gardens in Elmore, Ohio.[7][19]

  • German, with cast-iron stand
    German, with cast-iron stand
  • German, set in metal lampshade
    German, set in metal lampshade
  • Teapot warmer, or nightlight
    Teapot warmer, or nightlight
  • Madonna and Child after Murillo, with suspension chain
    Madonna and Child after Murillo, with suspension chain
  • German scene with painted colour
    German scene with painted colour
  • 20th-century Japanese cups, with lithophane faces of geishas
    20th-century Japanese cups, with lithophane faces of geishas
  • Modern porcelain lithophane on stand
    Modern porcelain lithophane on stand
  • 3D printed Wikipedia logo
    3D printed Wikipedia logo
  • Modern porcelain lampshade, lit from inside
    Modern porcelain lampshade, lit from inside
  • The same porcelain lampshade, in ambient light
    The same porcelain lampshade, in ambient light
  • CNC machine cutting lithophane of a cat
    CNC machine cutting lithophane of a cat

Notes
  1. Frederick the Great after the Battle of Kolín by Julius Schrader, now in Munich, see Battle of Kolín
  2. "How Lithophanes Are Made", Blair Museum of Lithophanes; Library of Universal Knowledge, Volume 9, p. 96, 1880; Milburn, Sandra J. (25 May 2022). "Do you know what a lithophane is? Find out at a workshop at the Hutchinson library". The Hutchinson News. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  3. Savage & Newman, 180–181; Carney; Types of use, Blair Museum of Lithophanes
  4. Battie, 160; Savage & Newman, 180–181; Carney
  5. Carney
  6. Savage & Newman, 180; Hampshire
  7. Hampshire
  8. Savage & Newman, 180–181
  9. Carney; "How Lithophanes Are Made", Blair Museum
  10. "Chinese Porcelain Glossary: An hua". Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  11. Savage & Newman, 180–181; Hampshire
  12. Battie, 159–160
  13. Battie, 160
  14. Savage & Newman, 181
  15. Bernardaud website; Ceramics Monthly, "A new path with Lithophanes"; Ceramic Historian; Lithophane Museum blog
  16. "Fabrication of personalized lithophane via additive manufacturing". Sustainable Operations and Computers. Elsevier B.V. 3: 17–21. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.susoc.2021.09.001. S2CID 240584496.
  17.  Tim (April 12, 2022). "Perfectly 3D Print All Types of Lithophanes and Add Colour". Core Electronics. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  18. "101".
  19. "Blair Museum History". Schedel Arboretum and Gardens.

References

Further reading
  • Carney, Margaret (2008), Lithophane, Schiffer Publishing, ISBN 9780764330193
  • Harold Newman, "Lithophane Plaques", Antique Dealer and Collectors Guide, August 1990, Statuscourt
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