List of totalitarian regimes

This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

Table
Country Totalitarianism Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent
Start End
Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[2][3][4][5] 1917 1953[2][6][7][8] Vladimir Lenin (1917–1924) Joseph Stalin (1924–1953) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Marxism–Leninism
Soviet Communism
Soviet patriotism
Stalinism (after 1927)		 Federal one-party socialist republic Eurasia
Fascist Italy (1922–1943) Kingdom of Italy[9][10][11][12][note 1] 1925 1943 Benito Mussolini National Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism		 Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Europe
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic[13][14][15][16] 1924 1953 Joseph Stalin (de facto) (1924–1953)
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937–1952)		 All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (de facto)
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party		 Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Manchukuo Empire of Manchuria[17] 1932 1945
Zheng Xiaoxu
(1932–1935)
Zhang Jinghui
(1935–1945)		 Concordia Association of Manchukuo Anti-communism
Fascism[18]
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism		 One-party constitutional monarchy Asia
Nazi Germany Greater German Reich[2] 1933[2] 1945[2] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Antisemitism
Fascism
Nazism
Pan-Germanism
Scientific racism		 Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[19] Europe
Slovak Republic (1939–1945) Slovak Republic 1939 1945 Jozef Tiso Slovak People’s Party Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism
Anti-Hungarianism		 Unitary one-party fascist state Europe
Empire of Japan[20][21][22][23] 1940 1945 Hirohito
Fumimaro Konoe
(1940–1941)
Hideki Tojo
(1941–1944)
Kuniaki Koiso
(1944–1945)
Kantarō Suzuki
(Until June 1945)		 Imperial Rule Assistance Association Shōwa Statism
Kokutai
Japanese nationalism
Japanese militarism
Hakkō ichiu
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
State Shinto		 Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Asia
Romania National Legionary State[24][25][26] 1940 1941 Ion Antonescu
Horia Sima		 Iron Guard Clerical Fascism
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Anti-Semitism		 Unitary one-party fascist constitutional monarchy Europe
Independent State of Croatia Independent State of Croatia[27][28] 1941 1945 Ante Pavelić Ustaše Fascism
Clerical Fascism
Anti-communism
Anti-Serb sentiment		 Fascist one-party state Europe
Italian Social Republic[29][30] 1943 1945 Benito Mussolini Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism		 Unitary one-party state Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[31][32][33] 1946 1985 Enver Hoxha
(1946–1985)		 Party of Labour of Albania Anti-revisionism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism		 Unitary one-party republic Europe
Socialist Republic of Romania[34][35] 1971 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu Romanian Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
National Communism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea[36][37][38][2][39][note 2] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun
Marxism–Leninism (until 2009)
Stalinism (former)		 Unitary one-party socialist republic[40] Asia
Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian People's Republic[41][42][43][44] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
China People's Republic of China[45][46] 1949 1976 Mao Zedong[2] Chinese Communist Party Chinese Communism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Myanmar Myanmar Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[47] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Syrian Arab Republic[48][49][50][51][52][53] 1963 Active Amin al-Hafiz (1963-1966)
General Salah Jadid (1966-70)
General Hafez al-Assad (1970-2000)
Bashar al-Assad (2000-present)		 Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Neo-Ba'athism
Militarism
Revolutionary Socialism
Authoritarian socialism
Left-wing nationalism
Assadism		 Unitary one-party[54] presidential republic[55] (neo-Ba'athist socialist republic[56][57] until 2012) Asia
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea[58] 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema United National Workers' Party Ultranationalism
Anti-colonialism[59]
Anti-intellectualism
Socialism[60]		 Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic Africa
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea[47][61] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarian socialism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Iraq Iraq Iraqi Republic / Republic of Iraq[62][63][64][65] 1979 2003 Saddam Hussein Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Ba'athism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
 Turkmenistan[66][67][68][69] 1991 Active Saparmurat Niyazov (1991-2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006-2022)
Serdar Berdimuhamedow		 Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Nationalism
Social conservatism[70]		 Unitary presidential one-party republic Asia
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[71][72] 1996 2001 Mullah Omar[73][74] Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[75]
Islamism[75]
Pashtunwali[76]
Religious nationalism[76]		 Unitary theocratic Islamic emirate Asia
Eritrea State of Eritrea[77][78] 2001[79] Active Isaias Afwerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism		 Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa
Islamic State Islamic State (Daesh)[80][81][82][83] 2014 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Islamic State (Daesh) Wahhabism
Qutbism
Salafi jihadism		 Unitary Salafi Jihadist proto-state Asia
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[84] 2021 Active Hibatullah Akhundzada Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism
Islamism
Pashtunwali
Religious nationalism		 Unitary provisional theocratic Islamic emirate Asia

Notes
  1. Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.
  2. Some scholars consider North Korea, founded by Kim Il Sung, to be the most totalitarian country.

References
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