List of maritime boundary treaties
This is a list of maritime boundary treaties. Maritime boundary treaties are treaties that establish a specified ocean or sea boundary between two or more countries or territories. These are also called maritime boundary agreements, maritime delimitation treaties, or maritime delimitation agreements.
Africa
Country 1 | Country 2 | Agreement date | Treaty name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
France | Portugal | 26 Apr 1960 | Exchange of Notes between France and Portugal regarding the maritime boundary between Senegal and Portuguese Guinea | Senegal and Guinea-Bissau are successor states to this agreement |
Tunisia | Italy | 20 Aug 1971 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Tunisia and the Government of the Italian Republic concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two Countries | |
Equatorial Guinea | Gabon | 12 Sep 1974 | Convention demarcating the land and maritime frontiers of Equatorial Guinea and Gabon | In 2004, Equatorial Guinea objected to the authenticity of the treaty |
Cameroon | Nigeria | 1 Jun 1975 | Maroua Declaration | In a case before the International Court of Justice, Nigeria argued that the declaration was invalid because although it had been signed by its head of state, it had not been ratified by the Nigerian government. In 2002, the ICJ rejected this argument and held that the argument entered into force upon signing. |
Gambia | Senegal | 4 Jun 1975 | Treaty fixing the maritime boundaries between the Republic of the Gambia and the Republic of Senegal | |
Kenya | Tanzania | 17 Dec 1975 to 9 Jul 1976 | Exchange of Notes between the United Republic of Tanzania and Kenya concerning the Delimitation of the Territorial Waters Boundary between the two States, 17 December 1975 – 9 July 1976 | |
Mauritania | Morocco | 14 Apr 1976 | Convention concerning the State frontier line established between the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and the Kingdom of Morocco | |
France | Mauritius | 2 Apr 1980 | Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of Mauritius on the delimitation of the French and Mauritian economic zones between the islands of Reunion and Mauritius | Establishes Réunion – Mauritius boundary |
Libya | Malta | 10 Nov 1986 | Agreement between the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya and the Republic of Malta implementing Article III of the Special Agreement and the Judgment of the International Court of Justice | |
Libya | Tunisia | 8 Aug 1988 | Agreement between the Libyan Arab Socialist People's Jamahariya and the Republic of Tunisia to Implement the Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case | |
Mozambique | Tanzania | 28 Dec 1988 | Agreement between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique regarding the Tanzania / Mozambique Boundary | |
Cape Verde | Senegal | 17 Feb 1993 | Treaty on the delimitation of the maritime frontier between the Republic of Cape Verde and the Republic of Senegal | |
Guinea-Bissau | Senegal | 13 Oct 1993 | Management and Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau | |
Namibia | South Africa | 28 Feb 1994 | Treaty between the Government of the Republic of Namibia and the Government of the Republic of South Africa with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands | |
Equatorial Guinea | São Tomé and Príncipe | 26 Jun 1999 | Treaty Regarding the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Republic of Equatorial Guinea and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe | |
Equatorial Guinea | Nigeria | 23 Sep 2000 | Treaty between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea concerning their maritime boundary | |
France | Seychelles | 19 Feb 2001 | Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of France and of Seychelles | Establishes Glorioso Islands – Seychelles boundary |
Nigeria | São Tomé and Príncipe | 21 Feb 2001 | Treaty between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe on the Joint Development of Petroleum and other Resources, in respect of Areas of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Two States | |
Gabon | São Tomé and Príncipe | 26 Apr 2001 | Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Border between the Gabonese Republic and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe | |
Seychelles | Tanzania | 23 Jan 2002 | Agreement between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf | |
Algeria | Tunisia | 11 Feb 2002 | Agreement on Provisional Arrangements for the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries between the Republic of Tunisia and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | |
Angola | Namibia | 4 Jun 2002 | Accord on the delimitation of the maritime border between Angola and Namibia | |
Egypt | Cyprus | 17 Feb 2003 | Agreement between the Republic of Cyprus and the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone | |
Cape Verde | Mauritania | 23 Apr 2004 | Treaty on the Delimitation of the Maritime Frontier between the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and the Republic of Cape Verde | |
France | Madagascar | 14 Apr 2005 | Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Madagascar concerning the delimitation of maritime spaces located between the Reunion Island and Madagascar | Establishes Réunion – Madagascar boundary |
Benin | Nigeria | August 2005 | Maritime Boundary Agreement | |
Cameroon | Nigeria | 14 Mar 2008 | Agreement between the Republic of Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the delimitation of their maritime border (with maps) | |
Mauritius | Seychelles | 29 Jul 2008 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Mauritius and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone between the Two States | |
Kenya | Tanzania | 23 Jun 2009 | Agreement between the United Republic of Tanzania and the Republic of Kenya on the delimitation of the maritime boundary of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf (with map) |
Americas
Country 1 | Country 2 | Agreement date | Treaty name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Guatemala | Mexico | 27 Sep 1882 | Treaty on the delimitation of the border between Mexico and Guatemala | Establishes land and maritime boundaries between the two countries |
United Kingdom | Venezuela | 26 Feb 1942 | Treaty between the United Kingdom and Venezuela relating to the Submarine Areas of the Gulf of Paria | Trinidad and Tobago is a successor state to the treaty |
United Kingdom | United States | 13 Aug 1947 and 23 Oct 1947 | Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the delimitation of the area within territorial waters adjacent to the leased naval base at Argentia, Newfoundland | Canada is a successor state to the agreement |
Chile | Peru | 18 Aug 1952 | Declaration on the maritime zone | Trilateral treaty |
Ecuador | Peru | |||
Chile | Peru | 4 Dec 1954 | Agreement on the Special Maritime Boundary Zone | Trilateral treaty |
Ecuador | Peru | |||
Canada | France | 27 Mar 1972 | Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the French Republic on Their Mutual Fishing Relations | Establishes Canada – Saint Pierre and Miquelon boundary |
Brazil | Uruguay | 21 Jul 1972 | Exchange of notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Brazil and the Government of Uruguay on the definitive demarcation of the sea outlet of the River Chui and the lateral maritime border | |
Argentina | Uruguay | 19 Nov 1973 | Treaty between Uruguay and Argentina concerning the Rio de la Plata and the Corresponding Maritime Boundary | |
Canada | Denmark | 17 Dec 1973 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada | Establishes Canada – Greenland boundary |
Colombia | Ecuador | 23 Aug 1975 | Agreement concerning delimitation of marine and submarine areas and maritime co-operation between the Republics of Colombia and Ecuador | |
Cuba | Mexico | 26 Jul 1976 | Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas | |
Colombia | Panama | 20 Nov 1976 | Treaty on the Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Related Matters between the Republic of Panama and the Republic of Colombia | |
Colombia | Costa Rica | 17 Mar 1977 | Treaty on Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Costa Rica | |
Cuba | Haiti | 27 Oct 1977 | Agreement between the Republic of Haiti and the Republic of Cuba Regarding the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries between the Two States | |
Cuba | United States | 16 Dec 1977 | Maritime Boundary Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba | Treaty was never ratified by the United States. |
Colombia | Dominican Republic | 13 Jan 1978 | Agreement on Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Dominican Republic | |
Colombia | Haiti | 17 Feb 1978 | Agreement on Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Haiti | |
Argentina | Chile | 20 Feb 1978 | Act of Puerto Montt | |
United States | Venezuela | 28 Mar 1978 | Maritime boundary Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Venezuela | Establishes: 1. Puerto Rico – Venezuela boundary 2. United States Virgin Islands – Venezuela boundary |
Netherlands | Venezuela | 31 Mar 1978 | Boundary Delimitation Treaty between the Republic of Venezuela and the Kingdom of the Netherlands | Established: 1. Netherlands Antilles – Venezuela boundary[1] 2. Aruba – Venezuela boundary |
Argentina | Chile | 2 May 1978 | Exchange of notes between Argentina and Chile constituting an agreement relating to the Final Act approving the proposals of the First Joint Commission established by the Act of Puerto Montt (with Final Act of the First Joint Commission dated on 6 April 1978) | |
Mexico | United States | 4 May 1978 | Treaty on Maritime Boundaries between the United Mexican States and the United States of America (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean) | |
Dominican Republic | Venezuela | 3 May 1979 | Treaty on the Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas between the Republic of Venezuela and the Dominican Republic | |
Canada | United States | 29 Mar 1979 | Special Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America to Submit to a Chamber of the International Court of Justice the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area | |
Costa Rica | Panama | 2 Feb 1980 | Treaty Concerning Delimitation of Marine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Panama | |
France | Venezuela | 17 Jul 1980 | Delimitation Treaty between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Republic of Venezuela | Establishes: 1. Guadeloupe – Venezuela boundary 2. Martinique – Venezuela boundary |
Brazil | France | 30 Jan 1981 | Maritime Delimitation Treaty between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the French Republic | Establishes Brazil – French Guiana boundary |
France | Saint Lucia | 4 Mar 1981 | Agreement on Delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of Saint Lucia | Establishes Martinique – Saint Lucia boundary |
Colombia | Costa Rica | 6 Apr 1984 | Treaty on the Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Costa Rica, additional to the Treaty signed at San José on 17 March 1977 | |
Argentina | Chile | 29 Nov 1984 | Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Argentina (with annexes and maps) | |
Costa Rica | Ecuador | 12 Mar 1985 | Agreement between the Government of Costa Rica and the Government of Ecuador Relating to the Delimitation of the Maritime Areas between Costa Rica and Ecuador | |
Colombia | Honduras | 2 Aug 1986 | Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Colombia and Honduras | |
Dominica | France | 7 Sep 1987 | Agreement on Maritime Delimitation between the Government of French Republic and the Government of Dominica | Establishes: 1. Dominica – Guadeloupe boundary 2. Dominica – Martinique boundary |
Argentina | Uruguay | 18 Jun 1988 | Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the Argentine Republic and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay entrusting the Rio de la Plata Administrative Commission with the delimitation of the boundary between Martin Garcia and Timoteo Domínguez Islands | |
Trinidad and Tobago | Venezuela | 18 Apr 1990 | Treaty between the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the Republic of Venezuela on the delimitation of marine and submarine areas | |
Soviet Union | United States | 1 Jun 1990 | Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the maritime boundary | The treaty was never ratified by the Soviet Union or Russia. |
United Kingdom | United States | 5 Nov 1993 | 1. Treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America on the Delimitation in the Caribbean of a Maritime Boundary between the US Virgin Islands and Anguilla 2. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America on the Delimitation in the Caribbean of a Maritime Boundary between Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands |
Establishes: 1. Anguilla – United States Virgin Islands boundary 2. British Virgin Islands – United States Virgin Islands boundary 3. British Virgin Islands – Puerto Rico border |
Colombia | Jamaica | 12 Nov 1993 | Maritime delimitation treaty between Jamaica and the Republic of Colombia | |
Cuba | Jamaica | 18 Feb 1994 | Agreement between the Government of the Jamaica and the Government of the Republic of Cuba on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between the two States | |
France | United Kingdom | 27 Jun 1996 | 1. Agreement on maritime delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy, on one hand, and Anguilla on the other 2. Agreement on maritime delimitation between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning Guadeloupe and Montserrat |
Establishes: 1. Saint Martin – Anguilla boundary 2. Guadeloupe – Montserrat boundary |
Dominican Republic | United Kingdom | 2 Aug 1996 | Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Dominican Republic concerning the delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Dominican Republic and the Turks and Caicos Islands | Establishes Dominican Republic – Turks and Caicos Islands boundary |
Mexico | United States | 9 Jun 2000 | Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 Nautical Miles | |
Honduras | United Kingdom | 4 Dec 2001 | Treaty between the Government of the Republic of Honduras and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning the delimitation of the maritime areas between the Cayman Islands and the Republic of Honduras | Establishes Honduras – Cayman Islands boundary |
Honduras | Mexico | 18 Apr 2005 | Maritime Delimitation Treaty between the Government of the United Mexican States and the Government of the Republic of Honduras | |
Barbados | France | 15 Oct 2009 | Barbados/France Maritime Boundary Delimitation Treaty | Establishes Barbados – Guadeloupe and Barbados – Martinique boundaries |
Grenada | Trinidad and Tobago | 21 Apr 2010 | Treaty between the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada on the delimitation of marine and submarine areas (with map) | |
Bahamas | Cuba | 3 Oct 2011 | Agreement between the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and the Republic of Cuba for the delimiting line between their maritime zones (with schedule and map) |
Asia
Country 1 | Country 2 | Agreement date | Treaty name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Japan | Russian Empire | 7 Feb 1855 | Treaty of Shimoda | |
Johor Sultanate | United Kingdom | 19 Oct 1927 | Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927 | Malaysia and Singapore are successor states to the treaty |
Bahrain | Saudi Arabia | 22 Feb 1958 | Bahrain–Saudi Arabia boundary agreement | |
Qatar | Saudi Arabia | 4 Dec 1965 | Agreement on the delimitation of the offshore and land boundaries between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Qatar | |
Abu Dhabi | Dubai | 18 Feb 1968 | Offshore boundary agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai | This boundary is now an internal boundary of the United Arab Emirates |
Iran | Saudi Arabia | 24 Oct 1968 | Agreement concerning the sovereignty over the islands of Al-'Arabiyah and Farsi and the delimitation of the boundary line separating submarine areas between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran (with exchanges of letters, map and English translation) | |
Abu Dhabi | Qatar | 30 Mar 1969 | Agreement on settlement of maritime boundary lines and sovereign rights over islands between Qatar and Abu Dhabi | United Arab Emirates is a successor state to the treaty |
Iran | Qatar | 20 Sep 1969 | Agreement concerning the boundary line dividing the continental shelf between Iran and Qatar | |
Indonesia | Malaysia | 27 Oct 1969 | Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of Indonesia on the delimitation of the continental shelves between the two countries | |
Indonesia | Malaysia | 17 Mar 1970 | Treaty between the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia Relating to the delimitation of the Territorial Seas of the Two Countries in the Strait of Malacca | |
Bahrain | Iran | 17 Jun 1971 | Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Iran and Bahrain | |
Indonesia | Thailand | 17 Dec 1971 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia relating to the Delimitation of a Continental Shelf Boundary between the two Countries in the Northern Part of the Straits of Malacca and in the Andaman Sea | |
Indonesia | Thailand | 21 Dec 1971 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, The Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand Relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Boundaries in the Northern Part of the Strait of Malacca | Trilateral treaty |
Indonesia | Malaysia | |||
Malaysia | Thailand | |||
Indonesia | Singapore | 25 May 1973 | Agreement Stipulating the Territorial Sea Boundary Lines between Indonesia and the Republic of Singapore in the Strait of Singapore | |
Japan | South Korea | 30 Jan 1974 | Agreement between Japan and the Republic of Korea concerning the Establishment of Boundary in the Northern Part of the Continental Shelf adjacent to the two Countries | |
India | Sri Lanka | 10 Jul 1974 | Agreement between Sri Lanka and India on the boundary in historic waters between the two countries and related matters (with map) | |
Iran | Oman | 25 Jul 1974 | Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Iran and Oman | |
Saudi Arabia | United Arab Emirates | 21 Aug 1974 | Agreement on the delimitation of boundaries | |
Dubai | Iran | 31 Aug 1974 | Offshore Boundary Agreement between Iran and Dubai | United Arab Emirates is a successor state to the treaty |
Indonesia | Thailand | 11 Dec 1975 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia relating to the delimitation of the sea-bed boundary between the two countries in the Andaman Sea (with charts) | |
India | Sri Lanka | 23 Mar 1976 | Agreement between Sri Lanka and India on the Maritime Boundary between the two Countries in the Gulf of Mannar and the Bay of Bengal and Related Matters | |
India | Maldives | 23–24, 31 Jul 1976 | Agreement between Sri Lanka, India and Maldives concerning the determination of the trijunction point between the three countries in the Gulf of Mannar | Trilateral treaty |
India | Sri Lanka | |||
Maldives | Sri Lanka | |||
India | Sri Lanka | 22 Nov 1976 | Supplementary Agreement between Sri Lanka and India on the extension of the maritime boundary between the two countries in the Gulf of Mannar from position 13 m to the trijunction point between Sri Lanka, India and Maldives (point T) | |
India | Maldives | 28 Dec 1976 | Agreement between India and Maldives on Maritime Boundary in The Arabian Sea and Related Matters | |
India | Indonesia | 14 Jan 1977 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on the Extension of the 1974 Continental Shelf Boundary between the two Countries in the Andaman Sea and the Indian Ocean | Establishes Andaman and Nicobar Islands – Indonesia boundary |
India | Thailand | 22 Jun 1978 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of India on the Delimitation of Seabed Boundary between the two Countries in the Andaman Sea | Establishes the Andaman and Nicobar Islands – Thailand boundary |
Soviet Union | Turkey | 23 Jun 1978 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Between the Republic of Turkey and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Black Sea | Georgia, Russia, and Ukraine are successor states to the treaty |
Malaysia | Thailand | 24 Oct 1979 | 1. Treaty between the Kingdom of Thailand and Malaysia relating to the Delimitation of the Territorial Seas of the two Countries 2. Memorandum of Understanding between the Kingdom of Thailand and Malaysia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Boundary between the two Countries in the Gulf of Thailand |
|
Burma | Thailand | 25 Jul 1980 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the two Countries in the Andaman Sea | |
Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | 13 Dec 1980 | Agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Government of Papua New Guinea Concerning the Maritime Boundary between the Republic of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and Cooperation on related Matters | |
North Korea | Soviet Union | 17 Apr 1985 | Agreement between the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and on the Delimitation of the Soviet-Korean National Border | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
North Korea | Soviet Union | 22 Jan 1986 | Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on the Delimitation of the Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Burma | India | 23 Dec 1986 | Agreement between the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma and the Republic of India on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Andaman Sea, in the Coco Channel and in the Bay of Bengal | Establishes Burma – Andaman and Nicobar Islands boundary |
Soviet Union | United States | 1 Jun 1990 | Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the maritime boundary | Treaty was never ratified by either the Soviet Union or Russia |
North Korea | Soviet Union | 3 Sep 1990 | Agreement between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea concerning the Regime of the Soviet–Korean State Frontier | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Oman | Yemen | 1 Oct 1992 | International boundary agreement between the Sultanate of Oman and the Republic of Yemen | |
India | Thailand | 27 Oct 1993 | Agreement between the Government of the Union of Myanmar, the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand on the determination of the trijunction point between the three countries in the Andaman Sea | Trilateral treaty |
Myanmar | Thailand | |||
Myanmar | India | |||
Malaysia | Singapore | 26 Apr 1995 | Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of Singapore to Delimit Precisely the Territorial Waters Boundary in Accordance with the Straits Settlements and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement 1927 | |
Israel | Jordan | 18 Jan 1996 | Maritime Boundary Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | |
Thailand | Vietnam | 9 Aug 1997 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between the two countries in the Gulf of Thailand | |
Oman | Pakistan | 12 Jun 2000 | Muscat Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan | |
Saudi Arabia | Yemen | 12 Jun 2000 | International Border Treaty between the Republic of Yemen and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | |
Kuwait | Saudi Arabia | 2 Jul 2000 | Agreement between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Kuwait concerning the submerged area adjacent to the divided zone | |
People's Republic of China | Vietnam | 25 Dec 2000 | Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the delimitation of the territorial seas, the exclusive economic zones and continental shelves in Beibu Bay/Bac Bo Gulf | |
Azerbaijan | Kazakhstan | 29 Nov 2001 | Boundary agreement between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Kazakhstan | Includes delimitation of maritime boundaries |
Azerbaijan | Russia | 23 Sep 2002 | Seabed Boundary Agreement between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation | |
Azerbaijan | Kazakhstan | 14 May 2003 | Seabed Boundary Tripoint Agreement between the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Russian Federation | Trilateral treaty involving boundaries in the Caspian Sea |
Azerbaijan | Russia | |||
Kazakhstan | Russia | |||
Indonesia | Vietnam | 26 Jun 2003 | Agreement between the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf boundary | |
Oman | Yemen | 14 Dec 2003 | Agreement on the delimitation of the maritime boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Republic of Yemen (with map) | |
Jordan | Saudi Arabia | 16 Dec 2007 | Agreement on the delimitation of the maritime boundaries in the Gulf of Aqaba between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (with map) | |
Indonesia | Singapore | 10 Mar 2009 | Treaty between the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Singapore relating to the delimitation of the territorial seas of the two countries in the western part of the Strait of Singapore (with annexes) | |
Israel | Cyprus | 17 Dec 2010 | Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone (with annexes) |
Europe
Country 1 | Country 2 | Agreement date | Treaty name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Italy | Turkey | 4 Jan 1932 | Convention between Italy and Turkey (1932) | Greece is a successor state to the treaty |
Denmark | Sweden | 30 Jan 1932 | Declaration between Sweden and Denmark concerning the boundaries of the Sund | |
Norway | Soviet Union | 29 Nov 1957 | Descriptive Protocol relating to the sea frontier between Norway and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Varangerfjord, demarcated in 1957 | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Cyprus | Greece Turkey United Kingdom |
16 Aug 1960 | Treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Kingdom of Greece, the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Cyprus concerning the Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus | Granted Cyprus independence from the United Kingdom and established: 1. Cyprus – Greece boundary 2. Cyprus – Turkey boundary 3. Cyprus – Akrotiri and Dhekelia boundary |
France | Monaco | 18 May 1963 | Exchange of letters on settlement of problems concerning the delimitation of Monegasque territorial waters constituting an agreement relating to article 4 of the Treaty of 17 July 1918 establishing the relations of France with the Principality of Monaco | |
Norway | United Kingdom | 10 Mar 1965 | Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries | |
Finland | Soviet Union | 20 May 1965 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the boundaries of sea areas and of the continental shelf in the Gulf of Finland | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Denmark | West Germany | 9 Jun 1965 | 1. Agreement between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the delimitation, in the coastal regions, of the continental shelf of the North Sea 2. Protocol to the Agreement between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the delimitation, in the coastal regions, of the continental shelf of the North Sea |
|
Denmark | Norway | 8 Dec 1965[2] | Agreement between Denmark and Norway relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf | |
Denmark | United Kingdom | 3 Mar 1966 | Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries | |
Denmark | Netherlands | 31 Mar 1966 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf under the North Sea between the two countries | |
Norway | Sweden | 5 Apr 1967 | Agreement concerning the delimitation of the fishery areas of Norway and Sweden in the North-Eastern Skagerrak | |
Finland | Soviet Union | 5 May 1967 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the boundary of the continental shelf between Finland and the Soviet Union in the north-eastern part of the Baltic Sea | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Italy | Yugoslavia | 8 Jan 1968 | Agreement between Italy and Yugoslavia concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two Countries in the Adriatic Sea | Croatia, Montenegro, and Slovenia are successor states to the treaty |
Norway | Sweden | 27 Jul 1968 | Agreement between Sweden and Norway concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf | |
East Germany | Poland | 29 Oct 1968 | Treaty between the Polish People's Republic and the German Democratic Republic concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Baltic Sea | Germany is a successor state to the treaty |
Poland | Soviet Union | 28 Aug 1969 | Treaty between the Polish People's Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the boundary of the continental shelf in the Gulf of Gdansk and the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Denmark | West Germany | 22 and 28 Oct 1970 | Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning the delimitation of the borderline between Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany in the Flensborg Fiord area | |
West Germany | Netherlands | 28 Jan 1971 | Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf under the North Sea | |
Denmark | West Germany | 28 Jan 1971 | Treaty between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf under the North Sea (with annexes and exchange of letters) | |
Italy | Tunisia | 20 Aug 1971 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Tunisia and the Government of the Italian Republic concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two Countries | |
West Germany | United Kingdom | 25 Nov 1971 | Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Federal Republic of Germany relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf under the North Sea between the two Countries | |
Netherlands | United Kingdom | 25 Nov 1971 | Protocol between the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland amending the Agreement of 6 October 1965 relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf under the North Sea between the two countries | |
Denmark | United Kingdom | 25 Nov 1971 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries | |
Finland | Sweden | 29 Sep 1972 | Agreement between Sweden and Finland concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bothnian Sea, the Aland Sea and the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea | |
Soviet Union | Turkey | 17 Apr 1973 | Protocol between the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of the Republic of Turkey concerning the Establishment of the Maritime Boundary between Soviet and Turkish Territorial Waters in the Black Sea | Georgia, Russia, and Ukraine are successor states to the treaty |
France | Spain | 29 Jan 1974 | Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Spanish State on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelves of the two States in the Bay of Biscay (Golfe de Gascogne/Golfo de Vizcaya) | |
Italy | Spain | 19 Feb 1974 | Convention between Spain and Italy on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two States | |
West Germany | Netherlands | 29 Sep 1975 and 24 Nov 1975 | Exchange of notes constituting an agreement concerning delimitation of the frontier at the Molenbeek (Miihlenbach) and the Rammelbeek (Rammelbach) between the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany | |
Portugal | Spain | 12 Feb 1976 | 1. Agreement between Portugal and Spain on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone 2. Agreement between Portugal and Spain on the Continental Shelf |
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Greece | Italy | 24 May 1977 | Agreement between the Hellenic Republic and the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Respective Continental Shelf Areas of the two States | |
East Germany | Sweden | 22 Jun 1978 | Treaty between the German Democratic Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf (with Protocol) | Germany is a successor state to the treaty |
Soviet Union | Turkey | 23 Jun 1978 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Between the Republic of Turkey and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Black Sea | Georgia, Russia, and Ukraine are successor states to the treaty |
Norway | United Kingdom | 22 Dec 1978 | Protocol supplementary to the Agreement of 10 March 1965 between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries | |
Denmark | Norway | 15 Jun 1979 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area between the Faroe Islands and Norway and concerning the Boundary between the Fishery Zone near the Faroe Islands and the Norwegian Economic Zone | Establishes Faroe Islands – Norway border |
Denmark | Sweden | 25 Jun 1979 | Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between Denmark and Sweden concerning the delimitation of the territorial waters between Denmark and Sweden | |
Finland | Soviet Union | 25 Feb 1980 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics regarding the delimitation of the areas of Finnish and Soviet jurisdiction in the field of fishing in the Gulf of Finland and the North-eastern Part of the Baltic Sea | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Iceland | Norway | 28 May 1980 | Agreement between Norway and Iceland concerning Fishery and Continental Shelf Questions | Establishes Iceland – Jan Mayen boundary |
France | United Kingdom | 24 Jun 1982 | Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area East of 30 Minutes West of the Greenwich Meridian | |
France | Monaco | 17 Feb 1984 | Convention on Maritime Delimitation between the Government of His Most Serene Highness the Prince of Monaco and the Government of the French Republic | |
Denmark | Sweden | 9 Nov 1984 | Agreement concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and fishing zones | |
France | Spain | 31 Jan 1985 and 7 Feb 1985 | Exchange of letters constituting an agreement amending Annex V of the Convention of 28 December 1858 supplementary to the Treaty on delimitation of 2 December 1856 delimiting the frontier from the mouth of the Bidassoa to the point where the department of Basses-Pyrénées adjoins Aragon and Navarre | |
Finland | Soviet Union | 5 Feb 1985 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics regarding the delimitation of the economic zone, the fishing zone and the continental shelf in the gulf of Finland and in the North-Eastern part of the Baltic Sea | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Malta | Libya | 10 Nov 1986 | Agreement between the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya and the Republic of Malta implementing Article III of the Special Agreement and the Judgment of the International Court of Justice | |
France | Italy | 28 Nov 1986 | Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries in the Area of the Strait of Bonifacio | Establishes boundary between Corsica and Sardinia |
Soviet Union | Turkey | 23 Dec 1986 and 6 Feb 1987 | Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the delimitation of the USSR and Turkey economic zone in the Black Sea | Georgia, Russia, and Ukraine are succeeding parties to the agreement |
France | Spain | 22 Sep 1987 and 10 Jun 1988 | Exchange of letters constituting an agreement between France and Spain amending Annex V of the Convention of 28 December 1858 supplementary to the Treaty on delimitation of 2 December 1856 delimiting the frontier from the mouth of the Bidassoa to the point where the department of Basses-Pyrénées adjoins Aragon and Navarre | |
Soviet Union | Sweden | 13 Jan 1988 | Agreement on principles for the delimitation of the sea areas in the Baltic Sea between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Soviet Union | Sweden | 18 Apr 1988 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and of the Swedish fishing zone and the Soviet economic zone in the Baltic Sea | Russia is a successor state to the treaty |
Denmark | East Germany | 14 Sep 1988 | Treaty between the German Democratic Republic and the Kingdom of Denmark on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and the Fishery Zones | Germany is a successor state to the treaty |
Ireland | United Kingdom | 7 Nov 1988 | 1. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of Ireland concerning the delimitation of areas of the continental shelf between the two countries 2. Protocol supplementary to the agreement between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom concerning the delimitation of areas of the continental shelf between the two countries |
|
Poland | Sweden | 10 Feb 1989 | Agreement concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and Fishing Zones between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Polish People's Republic | |
East Germany | Poland | 22 May 1989 | Treaty between the German Democratic Republic and the Polish People's Republic on the Delimitation of the Sea Areas in the Oder Bay | Germany is a successor state to the treaty |
Poland | Soviet Union | 30 Jun 1989 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden, the Government of the Polish People’s Republic and the Government of the USSR concerning the Common Delimitation Point of their Maritime Boundaries in the Baltic Sea | Trilateral treaty Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia are successor states to the treaty |
Poland | Sweden | |||
Soviet Union | Sweden | |||
Belgium | France | 8 Oct 1990 | 1. Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium on the delimitation of the territorial sea 2. Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium on the delimitation of the continental shelf |
|
Germany | Poland | 14 Nov 1990 | Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on the confirmation of the frontier between them | |
Belgium | United Kingdom | 29 May 1991 | Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between the two countries | |
France | United Kingdom | 23 Jul 1991 | Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland relating to the completion of the delimitation of the continental shelf in the southern North Sea | |
Norway | Russia | 8 Mar 1992 | Joint Protocol on Working Program for the development of contacts and cooperation between the Russian Federation and Norway | |
Albania | Italy | 18 Dec 1992 | Agreement between Albania and Italy for the determination of the continental shelf of each of the two countries | |
Finland | Sweden | 2 Jun 1994 | Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden on the Delimitation of the Boundary between the Continental Shelf and Fishery Zone of Finland and the Economic Zone of Sweden in the Aland Sea and the Northern Baltic Sea | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | 14 Dec 1995 | Treaty on the State Border between the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina | Establishes land and maritime boundaries between the countries |
Denmark | Norway | 18 Dec 1995 | Agreement between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area between Jan Mayen and Greenland and concerning the Boundary between the Fishery Zones in the Area | Establishes Greenland – Jan Mayen boundary |
Estonia | Latvia | 12 July 1996 | 1. Agreement between the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia on the Maritime Delimitation in the Gulf of Riga, the Strait of Irbe and the Baltic Sea 2. Protocol to the Agreement between the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia on the Maritime Delimitation in the Gulf of Riga, the Strait of Irbe and the Baltic Sea, 12 July 1996, between the Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia and the Minister President of the Republic of Latvia |
|
Estonia | Finland | 18 Oct 1996 | Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Republic of Estonia on the Boundary of the Maritime Zones in the Gulf of Finland and on the Northern Baltic Sea | |
Belgium | Netherlands | 18 Dec 1996 | 1. Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf 2. Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea |
|
Estonia | Latvia | 30 Apr 1997 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Estonia, the Government of the Republic of Latvia and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden on the Common Maritime Boundary Point in the Baltic Sea | Trilateral treaty |
Estonia | Sweden | |||
Latvia | Sweden | |||
Georgia | Turkey | 14 Jul 1997 | Protocol between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of Georgia on the Confirmation of the Maritime Boundaries between them in the Black Sea | |
Lithuania | Russia | 24 Jul 1997 | Treaty between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in the Baltic Sea | |
Denmark | Iceland | 11 Nov 1997 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark along with the Local Government of Greenland on the one hand, and the Government of the Republic of Iceland on the other hand on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and the Fishery Zone in the Area between Greenland and Iceland | Establishes Greenland – Iceland boundary |
Iceland | Norway | 11 Nov 1997 | Additional Protocol to the Agreement of 28 May 1980 between Norway and Iceland concerning Fishery and Continental Shelf Questions and the Agreement derived therefrom of 22 October 1981 on the Continental Shelf between Jan Mayen and Iceland | Establishes Iceland – Jan Mayen boundary |
Bulgaria | Turkey | 4 Dec 1997 | Agreement between the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Bulgaria on determination of the boundary in the mouth area of the Mutludere/Rezovska river and delimitation of the maritime areas between the two states in the Black Sea | |
Estonia | Sweden | 2 Nov 1998 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden on the Delimitation of the Maritime Zones in the Baltic Sea | |
Denmark | United Kingdom | 18 May 1999 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, on the one hand, and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, on the other hand, relating to Maritime Delimitation in the Area between the Faroe Islands and the United Kingdom | Establishes Faroe Islands – United Kingdom boundary |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | 30 Jun 1999 | Treaty on the State Border between the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
Latvia | Lithuania | 9 Jul 1999 | Agreement between the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Lithuania on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Baltic Sea | |
France | United Kingdom | 4 Jul 2000 | Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the French Republic concerning the establishment of a maritime boundary between France and Jersey | |
Estonia | Finland | 16 Jan 2001 | Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland, the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden on the common maritime boundary point in the Baltic Sea | Trilateral treaty |
Estonia | Sweden | |||
Finland | Sweden | |||
Ireland | United Kingdom | 18–31 Oct 2001 | Exchange of Notes between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland constituting an agreement pursuant to Article 83 paragraph 3 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 on the provisional delimitation of an area of the continental shelf | |
Cyprus | Egypt | 17 Feb 2003 | Agreement between the Republic of Cyprus and the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone | |
Romania | Ukraine | 17 Jun 2003 | Treaty between Romania and Ukraine on the Romanian–Ukrainian State Border Regime, Collaboration, and Mutual Assistance on Border Matters | Partially amends the agreed-to maritime boundary between the two states. |
Denmark | Norway | 20 Feb 2006 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on the one hand, and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Home Rule Government of Greenland on the other hand, concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and the fisheries zones in the area between Greenland and Svalbard | Establishes Greenland – Svalbard boundary |
Norway | Russia | 11 Jul 2007 | Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway on the maritime delimitation in the Varangerfjord area (with map) | |
Norway | Russia | 15 Sep 2010 | Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on the one hand, and the Government of the Republic of Russia on the other hand, concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and the fisheries zones in the Barents Sea.[3] | The agreement settles on a compromise between the median line favoured by Norway, and the meridian based sector favoured by Russia. |
Cyprus | Israel | 17 Dec 2010 | Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone (with annexes) | |
Greece | Italy | 2 Jun 2020 | Agreement between Greece and Italy on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone | |
Greece | Egypt | 6 Aug 2020 | Agreement between Greece and Egypt on the partial delimitation of the exclusive economic zone |
Oceania
Notes
- The Netherlands Antilles–Venezuela boundary is now the Curaçao–Venezuela and the Caribbean Netherlands–Venezuela boundaries.
- Amended 4 Jun 1974 by diplomatic exchange of notes.
- Dyomkin, Denis; Gwladys Fouche (27 April 2010). "UPDATE 1-Russia and Norway reach Barents Sea border deal". Reuters. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
References
- Anderson, Ewan W. (2003). International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas. Routledge: New York. ISBN 9781579583750; OCLC 54061586
- Charney, Jonathan I., David A. Colson, Robert W. Smith. (2005). International Maritime Boundaries, 5 vols. Hotei Publishing: Leiden. ISBN 9780792311874; ISBN 9789041119544; ISBN 9789041103451; ISBN 9789004144613; ISBN 9789004144798; OCLC 23254092
- Jagota, S. P. (1985). Maritime Boundary. Martinis Nijhoff: Dordrecht. ISBN 9789024731336; ISBN 9789024726165; OCLC 1175640
- Koo, Min Gyu. (2010). Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9781441962232; OCLC 626823444
- Kratochwil, Friedrich V., Paul Rohrlich, Harpreet Mahajan. (1985). Peace and Disputed Sovereignty. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 9780819149534; ISBN 978-0-8191-4954-1; OCLC 12550771
External links
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