List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.

Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes further back in time.

Organization of this list

This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data, biostratigraphic data, and radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point.

Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.

The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.

The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the fossil record (biologic), paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or climate data determined by carbon and oxygen isotopes.

List

Quaternary

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Holocene
	Meghalayan	0.0042	Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India	Climatic: 4.2 kiloyear event.	25.2622°N 91.7150°E / 25.2622; 91.7150	[1][2]
	Northgrippian	0.0082	NGRIP1 ice core, Greenland	Climatic: 8.2 kiloyear event.	75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200	[1]
	Greenlandian	0.0117	NGRIP2 ice core, Greenland	Climatic: End of the Younger Dryas stadial.	75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200	[1][3]
Pleistocene
	Upper/Late	0.129	-	Climatic: Marine Isotope Substage 5e	-	-
	Chibanian	0.774	Chiba, Japan	Magnetic: Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal.	35.2943°N 140.1465°E / 35.2943; 140.1465	[4]
	Calabrian	1.8	Vrica Section, Calabria, Italy	Magnetic: Approximately 15 ka after the end of magnetic polarity chronozone C2n (Olduvai). Biologic: Immediately above extinction Discoaster brouweri (Haptophyte). Sedimentologic: Boundary between a sapropelic bed and marine claystones.	39.0385°N 17.1348°E / 39.0385; 17.1348	[5]
	Gelasian	2.58	Monte San Nicola Section, Gela, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama). Biologic: Extinction of Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus (Haptophyte).	37.146468°N 14.204562°E / 37.146468; 14.204562	[6]

Neogene

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Pliocene
	Piacenzian	3.6	Punta Piccola Section, Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2An (Gauss). Biologic: Extinction of Globorotalia margaritae and Pulleniatina primalis (Planktonic foraminifera).	37.289386°N 13.491443°E / 37.289386; 13.491443	[7]
	Zanclean	5.333	Heraclea Minoa section Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C3r. Biologic: First appearance of Ceratolithus acutus and near extinction of Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus (Haptophyte).	37.392435°N 13.281052°E / 37.392435; 13.281052	[8]
Miocene
	Messinian	7.246	Oued Akrech section, Rabat, Morocco	Magnetic: Within magnetic polarity chronozone C3Br.1r. Biologic: First regular occurrence of the Globorotalia miotumida (Planktonic foraminifera). Biologic: First appearance of Amaurolithus delicatus (Haptophyte).	33.925050°N 6.809047°W / 33.925050; -6.809047	[9]
	Tortonian	11.63	Monte dei Corvi Beach section, Ancona, Italy	Magnetic: Within normal-polarity subchron C5r.2n Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Discoaster kugleri (Haptophyte). Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Globigerinoides subquadratus (Planktonic foraminifera). Climatic: Oxygen isotope event Mi-5.	43.587242°N 13.566148°E / 43.587242; 13.566148	[10]
	Serravallian	13.82	Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm ir-Riħ Bay, Malta	Magnetic: Within magnetic polarity chronozone C5ABr. Biologic: Below first appearance of Sphenolithus heteromorphus (Haptophyte) Climatic: Mi3b isotopic event (Global cooling episode).	35.9139°N 14.3361°E / 35.9139; 14.3361	[11]
	Langhian	15.98	At 17.84 m in the 'Lower La Vedova Beach' section, Ancona, Italy	Magnetic: Near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C5Cn.1n. Biologic: Near first appearance of Praeorbulina glomerosa (Planktonic foraminifera).	43.5919°N 13.5623°E / 43.5919; 13.5623	[4]
	Burdigalian	20.44	Candidate sections: Astronomically tuned ODP core (e.g. Ceara Rise, Leg 154)	Near FAD of Globigerinoides altiaperturus (planktonic foraminifer) or near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C6An	-	[4]
	Aquitanian	23.03	Lemme-Carrosio Section, Carrosio, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn.2n. Biologic: Near first appearance of Paragloborotalia kugleri (Planktonic foraminifera).	44.6601°N 8.83928°E / 44.6601; 8.83928	[12]

Paleogene

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Oligocene
	Chattian	27.82	Monte Cagnero, Central Apennines, Italy	Biological: last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b)	43.646748°N 12.467771°E / 43.646748; 12.467771	[13]
	Rupelian	33.9	Massignano quarry section, Massignano, Ancona, Italy	Biologic: Extinction of Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina (Planktonic foraminifera).	43.536038°N 13.592499°E / 43.536038; 13.592499	[14]
Eocene
	Priabonian	37.71	Alano section, Piave river, Venetian Prealps, Belluno, Italy	Biologic: Last appearance of large acarininids and Morozovelloides crassatus; The Base of common and continuous Cribrocentrum erbae and the Top of Chiasmolithus grandis Magnetic: The Base of Chronozone C17n and Subchron C17n.2n	45.9141°N 11.9180°E / 45.9141; 11.9180	[15]
	Bartonian	41.2	Contessa highway section Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy	Biologic: Near Extinction of Reticulofenestra reticulata (Haptophyte)	43.37972°N 12.56219°E / 43.37972; 12.56219	-
	Lutetian	47.8	Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section, Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Hantkenina (Planktonic foraminifera).	43.3796°N 3.0143°W / 43.3796; -3.0143	[16]
	Ypresian	56	Dababiya section, Luxor, Egypt	Climatic: Base of negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE).	25.5000°N 32.5311°E / 25.5000; 32.5311	[17][18]
Paleocene
	Thanetian	59.2	Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C26n.	43.2996°N 2.2609°W / 43.2996; -2.2609	[19]
	Selandian	61.6	Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain	Chemical: Onset of sea-level drop and carbon isotope shift. Magnetic: 30 precession cycles after the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n	43.2992°N 2.2610°W / 43.2992; -2.2610	[19]
	Danian	66	El Kef Section, El Kef, Tunisia	Iridium enriched layer associated with a major meteorite impact and subsequent extinction event.	36.1537°N 8.6486°E / 36.1537; 8.6486	[20]

Cretaceous

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Maastrichtian	72.1	Grande Carrière quarry, Landes, France	Biologic: 12 biostratigraphic criteria Biologic: First appearance of Pachydiscus neubergicus (Ammonite) is just above the boundary.	43.6795°N 1.1133°W / 43.6795; -1.1133	[21]
	Campanian	83.6	Bottaccione, Gubbio, Italy	Magnetic: Base of Chron C33r.	43.3627°N 12.5828°E / 43.3627; 12.5828	[22][23]
	Santonian	86.3	Olazagutia, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus (Inoceramid bivalve).	42.8668°N 2.1968°W / 42.8668; -2.1968	[4]
	Coniacian	89.8	Salzgitter-Salder quarry, Germany	Biologic: First appearance of Cremnoceramus rotundatus (Inoceramid bivalve).	52.1243°N 10.3295°E / 52.1243; 10.3295	[4]
	Turonian	93.9	Rock Canyon, Colorado, United States	Biologic: First appearance of Watinoceras devonense (Ammonite).	38.2822°N 104.7275°W / 38.2822; -104.7275	[24]
	Cenomanian	100.5	Mont Risoux, Hautes-Alpes, France	Biologic: First appearance of Rotalipora globotruncanoides (Planktonic foraminifera)	44.391120°N 5.510970°E / 44.391120; 5.510970	[25]
Lower
	Albian	113	Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France	Biologic: first appearance of the planktonic foraminiferan Microhedbergella renilaevis.	44.507861°N 5.297250°E / 44.507861; 5.297250	[26] [27]
	Aptian	121.4	Candidate section: Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Central Apennines, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone M0r. Biologic: Near first appearance of Paradeshayesites oglanlensis (Ammonite).	-	-
	Barremian	125.77	Río Argos, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia Province, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Ammonite Taveraidiscus hugii.	-	[28]
	Hauterivian	132.6	La Charce, Drôme, France	Biologic: First appearance of the Ammonite genus Acanthodiscus.	44.4694°N 5.4437°E / 44.4694; 5.4437	[29][30]
	Valanginian	139.8	Candidates sections: Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, France Cañada Luenga, Betic Cordillera, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Calpionellites darderi (Calpionellid). Biologic: First appearance of Thurmanniceras pertransiens (Ammonite).	-	-
	Berriasian	145	Candidate section: Vaca Muerta, Neuquén Basin, Argentina[31]	Candidates: Magnetic—base of Chron M18r Base of Calpionellid zone B

Jurassic

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Tithonian	149.2	Candidate sections: Mt. Crussol, France Canjuers, France Fornazzo, Sicily	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone M22An. Biologic: Near first appearance of Hybonoticeras hybonotum (Ammonite). Biologic: First appearance of genus Gravesia (Ammonite).	-	-
	Kimmeridgian	154.8	Flodigarry, Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Pictonia baylei (Ammonite).	57.6610°N 6.2455°W / 57.6610; -6.2455	[4]
	Oxfordian	161.5	Candidate sections: Redcliff Point, Dorset, England, U.K. Savouron, Provence, France	Biologic: Horizon of Cardioceras redcliffense (Ammonite).	-	-
Middle
	Callovian	165.3	Candidate sections: Pfeffingen, Swabian Alb, Germany Russia	Biologic: First appearance of genus Kepplerites (Ammonite).	-	-
	Bathonian	168.2	Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran, Alpes de Haute, France	Biologic: First appearance of Gonolkites convergen (Ammonite).	43.9606°N 6.3153°E / 43.9606; 6.3153	[32]
	Bajocian	170.9	Cabo Mondego, Portugal	Biologic: First appearance of Hyperlioceras mundum, Hyperlioceras furcatum, Braunsina aspera, and Braunsina elegantula(Ammonite) Biologic: First appearance of genus Hyperlioceras (Ammonite).	40.1992°N 8.9042°W / 40.1992; -8.9042	[33]
	Aalenian	174.7	Fuentelsaz, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Leioceras opalinum and Leioceras lineatum Biologic: First appearance of genus Leioceras (Ammonite).	41°4′44.9″N 1°49′49.2″W	[34]
Lower
	Toarcian	184.2	Peniche, Portugal	Biologic: First appearance of D. (E.) simplex (Ammonite).	39.3708°N 9.3853°W / 39.3708; -9.3853	[35]
	Pliensbachian	192.9	Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Bifericeras donovani and genera Apoderoceras (Ammonite).	54.4069°N 0.4975°W / 54.4069; -0.4975	[36]
	Sinemurian	199.5	East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, England, UK	Biologic: First appearance of the Vermiceras quantoxense, Vermiceras palmeri (Ammonite).	51.1909°N 3.2364°W / 51.1909; -3.2364	[37]
	Hettangian	201.4	Kuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria	Biologic: Near first appearance of smooth Psiloceras spela group (Ammonite).	47.4839°N 11.5306°E / 47.4839; 11.5306

Triassic

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Rhaetian	~208.5	Candidate sections: Steinbergkogel, Austria Pignola-Abriola, Italy[38] Turkey British Columbia	Biologic: First appearance of Misikella posthernsteini (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of genus Cochloceras (Ammonite). Biologic: Near first appearance of Epigondolella mosheri (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of Proparvicingula moniliformis (radiolarian).	-	-
	Norian	~227	Candidate sections: Black Bear Ridge, British Columbia Pizzo Mondello, Sicily	Base of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of Metapolygnathus echinatus within the M. communisti conodont zones.	-	-
	Carnian	~237	Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy	Biologic: First appearance of Daxatina canadensis (Ammonite). Biologic: Near first appearance of Metapolygnathus polygnathiformis (Conodont). Magnetic: Above magnetic zone S2n.	46.5269°N 11.9303°E / 46.5269; 11.9303	[39]
Middle
	Ladinian	~242	Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy	Biologic: First appearance of Eoprotrachyceras curionii (Ammonite). Biologic: First appearance of Budurovignathus praehungaricus (Conodont).	45.818380°N 10.470270°E / 45.818380; 10.470270	[40]
	Anisian	247.2	Candidate sections: Desli Caira, Northern Dobruja, Romania Guandao, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont). Magnetic: Base of magnetic zone MT1n.	45.0742°N 28.8022°E / 45.0742; 28.8022
Lower
	Olenekian	251.2	Candidate sections: Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India Chaohu, China	Biologic: First appearance of Neospathodus waageni (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of genera Flemingites and Euflemingites (Ammonite).	31.9654°N 78.0246°E / 31.9654; 78.0246
	Induan	251.9	Meishan, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Hindeodus parvus (Conodont).	31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058

Permian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Lopingian
	Changhsingian	254.14	Zhejiang, China	Biologic: Near first appearance of Clarkina wangi (Conodont).	31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064	[41]
	Wuchiapingian	259.51	Penglaitan Section, Laibin, Guangxi, China	Biologic: First appearance of Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri (Conodont).	23.6953°N 109.3211°E / 23.6953; 109.3211	[42]
Guadalupian
	Capitanian	264.28	Nipple Hill, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella postserrata (Conodont).	31.9091°N 104.7892°W / 31.9091; -104.7892	[4]
	Wordian	266.9	Guadalupe Pass, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella aserrata (Conodont).	31.8658°N 104.8328°W / 31.8658; -104.8328	[4]
	Roadian	273.01	Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella nanginkensis (Conodont).	31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768	[4]
Cisuralian
	Kungurian	283.5	Candidate section: Mechetlino, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia	Biologic: Near first appearance of Neostreptognathodus pnevi (Conodont).	-	[4]
	Artinskian	290.1	Dalny Tulkas section, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia	Biologic: First appearance of Sweetognathus whitei (Conodont).	53.88847°N 56.51615°E / 53.88847; 56.51615	[4]
	Sakmarian	293.52	Usolka section, Southern Urals, Russia	Biologic: First appearance of Mesogondolella monstra (Conodont).	53.9247°N 56.7287°E / 53.9247; 56.7287	[43][44]
	Asselian	298.9	Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan	Biologic: First appearance of Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline (Conodont).	50.2458°N 57.8914°E / 50.2458; 57.8914	[45]

Carboniferous

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Pennsylvanian
	Gzhelian	303.7	Candidate sections: Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance Idiognathodus simulator and close to first appearance of Shumardites	-	[4]
	Kasimovian	307	Candidate sections: Ural mountains United States Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Protriticites or 1 million years older Montiparus montiparus	-	[4]
	Moscovian	315.2	Candidate sections: Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Idiognathoides postsulcatus or Declinognathodus donetzianus	-	[4]
	Bashkirian	323.2	Arrow Canyon, Nevada, United States	Biologic: First appearance of Declinognathodus nodiliferus (Conodont).	36.7333°N 114.7778°W / 36.7333; -114.7778	[46]
Mississippian
	Serpukhovian	330.9	Candidate sections: Verkhnyaya Kardailovka, Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Lochriea ziegleri	-	[4]
	Visean	346.7	Pengchong Section, Guangxi, China	Biologic: First appearance of Eoparastaffella simplex	24.4333°N 109.4500°E / 24.4333; 109.4500	[4]
	Tournaisian	358.9	La Serre, Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: First appearance of Siphonodella sulcata (Conodont). In 2006 it was discovered that this GSSP has biostratigraphic problems.	43.5555°N 3.3573°E / 43.5555; 3.3573	[47]

Devonian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Famennian	372.2	Coumiac quarry,Coumiac Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: Abundant occurrence of Palmatolepis triangularis (Conodont). Biologic: Upper Kellwasser Extinction of all Ancyrodella and Ozarkodina and most Palmatolepis, Polygnathus, and Ancyrognathus. Biologic: Coincides with the first appearance of Phoenixites frechi (Goniatite).	43.4705°N 3.0597°E / 43.4705; 3.0597	[48]
	Frasnian	382.7	Col du Puech de la Suque, Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: First appearance of Ancyrodella rotundiloba (Conodont).	43.5032°N 3.0868°E / 43.5032; 3.0868	[49]
Middle
	Givetian	387.7	Jebel Mech Irdane, Tafilalt, Morocco	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus hemiansatus (Conodont). Biologic: Just below first appearance of Maenioceras (Goniatite).	31.2374°N 4.3541°W / 31.2374; -4.3541	[50]
	Eifelian	393.3	Wetteldorf Richtschnitt section, Wetteldorf, Eifel, Germany	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus costatus partitus (Conodont).	50.1496°N 6.4716°E / 50.1496; 6.4716	[51]
Lower
	Emsian	407.6	Zinzil'ban Gorge, Uzbekistan	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus kitabicus (Conodont).	39.2000°N 67.3056°E / 39.2000; 67.3056	[52]
	Pragian	410.8	Velká Chuchle quarry Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Eognathodus sulcatus (Conodont).	50.0147°N 14.3726°E / 50.0147; 14.3726	[53]
	Lochkovian	419.2	Klonk, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus uniformis (graptolite).	49.90083°N 14.06111°E / 49.90083; 14.06111	[4]

Silurian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Přídolí		423	Požáry Section, Řeporyje District, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus parultimus (Graptolite).	50.0277°N 14.3249°E / 50.0277; 14.3249	[54]
Ludlow
	Ludfordian	425.6	Sunnyhill, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K.	Imprecise GSSP. Biologic: Near first appearance of Saetograptus leintwardinensis (Graptolite).	52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772	[55]
	Gorstian	427.4	Pitch Coppice, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians	52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772	[55]
Wenlock
	Homerian	430.5	Whitwell Coppice, Homer, England, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Cyrtograptus lundgreni (Graptolite).	52.6156°N 2.5647°W / 52.6156; -2.5647	[55]
	Sheinwoodian	433.4	Hughley Brook, Apedale, England, U.K.	Imprecise GSSP. Will be reexamined. Biologic: Currently between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. Candidate boundaries are a conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the murchisoni graptolite biozone.	52.5811°N 2.6389°W / 52.5811; -2.6389	[4][55]
Llandovery
	Telychian	438.5	Cefn-cerig Road, Llandovery, Wales, U.K.	Biologic: Above extinction of Eocoelia intermedia, below lowest succeeding species Eocoelia curtisi (Brachiopod). Biologic: Near first appearance of Monograptus turriculatus (Graptolite).	51.9700°N 3.7900°W / 51.9700; -3.7900	[54]
	Aeronian	440.8	Trefawr Track, Llandovery, Wales, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus austerus sequens (Graptolite).	52.0300°N 3.7000°W / 52.0300; -3.7000	[54]
	Rhuddanian	443.8	Dob's Linn, Moffat, Dumfries-shire, Scotland, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Akidograptus ascensus and Parakidograptus acuminatus (Graptolite). 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale Formation.	55.429889°N 3.272036°W / 55.429889; -3.272036	[54]

Ordovician

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Hirnantian	445.2	Wangjiawan section Wangjiawan, Yichang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Normalograptus extraordinarius (Graptolite). Climatic: Base of major positive carbon isotope excursion. Climatic: Beginning of sea-level fall associated with onset of a major glaciation.	30.9841°N 111.4197°E / 30.9841; 111.4197	[56]
	Katian	453	Black Knob Ridge section, Oklahoma, United States	Biologic: First appearance of Diplacanthograptus caudatus (Graptolite). Climatic: Just below base of Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion.	34.4305°N 96.0746°W / 34.4305; -96.0746	[57]
	Sandbian	458.4	Fågelsång section Sularp Brook, Skåne, Sweden	Biologic: First appearance of Nemagraptus gracilis (Graptolite). 1.4 m below a phosphorite marker bed.	55.7137°N 13.3255°E / 55.7137; 13.3255	[58]
Middle
	Darriwilian	467.3	Huangnitang Section Huangnitang Village, Changshan, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Undulograptus austrodentatus (Graptolite).	28.8539°N 118.4897°E / 28.8539; 118.4897	[59]
	Dapingian	470	Huanghuachang section Huanghuachang, Yichang, China	Biologic: Lowest appearance of Baltoniodus triangularis (Conodont).	30.8605°N 111.3740°E / 30.8605; 111.3740	[60][61]
Lower
	Floian	477.7	Diabasbrottet quarry, Västergötland, Sweden	Biologic: Lowest appearance of Tetragraptus approximatus (Graptolite).	58.3589°N 12.5024°E / 58.3589; 12.5024	[62]
	Tremadocian	485.4	Greenpoint section Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada	Biologic: First appearance of Iapetognathus fluctivagus (Conodont). Biologic: Planktonic graptolites occur 4.8 m above boundary. Climatic: Coincides with a peak in carbon isotopes.	49.6829°N 57.9653°W / 49.6829; -57.9653	[63]

Cambrian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Furongian
	Stage 10	489.5	Candidate sections: Duibian, Zhejiang, China Lawson Cove, Utah, United States	Candidates: Biologic: First appearance of Lotagnostus americanus (Trilobite). Biologic: First appearance of Cordylodus andresi (Conodont). Biologic: First appearance of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis (Conodont).	-	[64]
	Jiangshanian	~494	Duibian B Section Duibian, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Agnostotes orientalis (Trilobite).	28.815967°N 118.614933°E / 28.815967; 118.614933	[65]
	Paibian	~497	Paibi section Paibi, Hunan, China	Biologic: First appearance of the agnostoid Glyptagnostus reticulatus (Trilobite). Climatic: Coincides with base of the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE).	28.3895°N 109.5257°E / 28.3895; 109.5257	[66]
Miaolingian
	Guzhangian	~500.5	Luoyixi section Luoyixi, Guzhang, Hunan, China	Biologic: First appearance of Lejopyge laevigata (Trilobite).	28.7200°N 109.9647°E / 28.7200; 109.9647	[67]
	Drumian	~504.5	Drumian section Wheeler Shale, Utah, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Ptychagnostus atavus (Trilobite).	39.5117°N 112.9915°W / 39.5117; -112.9915	[68]
	Wuliuan	~509	Wuliu-Zengjiayan, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Oryctocephalus indicus (Trilobite).	26.0807°N 108.4138°E / 26.0807; 108.4138	[69][70]
Series 2
	Stage 4	~514	None	Biologic: First appearance Arthricocephalus chauveaui (Trilobite species). Biologic: First appearance Olenellus or Redlichia (Trilobite genera).	-	[71]
	Stage 3	~521	None	Biologic: First appearance of trilobites (possibly Lemdadella)	-	[72][73]
Terreneuvian
	Stage 2	~529	None	Biologic: First appearance of small shelly fauna or archaeocyathids	-	-
	Fortunian	538.8	Fortune head section, Newfoundland, Canada	Biologic: First appearance of Treptichnus pedum (trace fossil).	47.0762°N 55.8310°W / 47.0762; -55.8310	[74]

Proterozoic

Era	Period	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Neoproterozoic
	Ediacaran	~635	Enorama Creek section Flinders Ranges, South Australia	Geologic: Worldwide distinct cap carbonates. Isotopic: Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.	31.3314°S 138.6334°E / -31.3314; 138.6334	[75]
	Cryogenian	~720	Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of ca. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress.	Geologic: the GSSP has been recommended to be placed at a stratigraphic level beneath the first appearance of widespread glaciation associated with the Sturtian glacial epoch.[76]	-	[76]
	Tonian	1000	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]
Mesoproterozoic
	Stenian	1200	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]
	Ectasian	1400	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]
	Calymmian	1600	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]
Paleoproterozoic
	Statherian	1800	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]
	Orosirian	2050	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]
	Rhyacian	2300	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]
	Siderian	2500	Defined chronometrically	-	-	[77]

Archean and Hadean

Eon	Era	Age (mya)	GSSP/GSSA location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Archean
	Neoarchean	2800	-	Defined chronometrically	-	-
	Mesoarchean	3200	-	Defined chronometrically	-	-
	Paleoarchean	3600	-	Defined chronometrically	-	-
	Eoarchean	4031	Along the Acasta River, Northwest Territories, Canada	Defined chronometrically Ten oldest U-Pb zircon ages	65.1738°N 115.5538°W / 65.1738; -115.5538	[4]
Hadean	-	4567.3	-	Defined chronometrically Formation of the Solar System	-	[4]

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Bergström, Stig M.; S. C. Finney; Xu, Chen; Pålsson, Christian; Wang Zhi-hao; Grahn, Yngve (2000). "A proposed global boundary stratotype for the base of the Upper Series of the Ordovician System: The Fågelsång section, Scania, southern Sweden" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (2): 102–109. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i2/003.
Mitchell, C. E.; Xu, Chen; S. M. Bergström; Zhang Yuan-dong; Wang Zhi-hao; B. D. Webby; S. C. Finney (1997). "Definition of a global boundary stratotype for the Darriwilian Stage of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (3): 158–166. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i3/003.
Wang, Xiaofeng; Stouge, Svend; Bernd-D. Erdtmann; Chen, Xiaohong; Li, Zhihong; Wang, Chuanshang; Zeng, Qingluan; Zhou, Zhiqiang; Chen, Huiming (2005). "A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series: the Huanghuachang section, Yichang, China" (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 105–117. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/004.
Wang, Xiaofeng; Stouge, Svend; Xiaohong, Chen; Zhihong, Li; Chuanshang, Wang; Stan C. Finney; Qingluan, Zeng; Zhiqiang, Zhou; Huiming, Chen; Bernd-D. Erdtmann (2009). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series and the Third Stage (Dapingian)" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (2): 96–113. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i2/003. S2CID 43893965.Note: there is an apparent typo in the article referenced; they give the coordinates as "a latitude of 30°51'37.8"N and a longitude of110°22'26.5"E", but their map and location description better corresponds to 30°51'37.8"N 111°22'26.5"E.
Bergström, Stig M.; Löfgren, Anita; Maletz, Jörg (2004). "The GSSP of the Second (Upper) Stage of the Lower Ordovician Series: Diabasbrottet at Hunneberg, Province of Västergötland, Southwestern Sweden" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (4): 265–272. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i4/005. S2CID 32506478.
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Landing, E.; Westrop, S.R.; Adrain, J.M. (19 September 2011). "The Lawsonian Stage - the Eoconodontus notchpeakensis FAD and HERB carbon isotope excursion define a globally correlatable terminal Cambrian stage". Bulletin of Geosciences: 621–640. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1251.
"GSSP for Jiangshanian". Retrieved 12 November 2012.
Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren; Robison, Richard; Lin, Huanling; Rees, Margaret; Saltzman, Matthew (30 November 2004). "Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)". Lethaia. 37 (4): 365–379. doi:10.1080/00241160410002081.
Peng, Shanchi; Loren E. Babcok; Zuo, Jingxun; LIn, Huanling; Zhu, Xuejian; Yang, Xianfeng; Richard A. Robison; Qui, Yuping; Bagnoli, Gabriella; Yong'an Chen (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Guzhangian Stage (Cambrian) in the Wuling Mountains, Northwestern Hunan, China" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (1): 41–55. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i1/006.
Babcock, Loren E.; Richard A. Robison; Margaret N. Rees; Peng, Shanchi; Matthew R. Saltzman (2007). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian) in the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (2): 85–95. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i2/003.
Ahlberg, Per; Babcock, Lauren E. ISCS Annual Report 2017 (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy http://www.palaeontology.geo.uu.se/ISCS/ISCS%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf. Retrieved 28 August 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
"A new "Golden Spike" settled in China: GSSP of the Wuliuan Stage and the Miaolingian Series, Cambrian". Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
Peng, S.C.; Babcock, L.E. (21 September 2011). "Continuing progress on chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Cambrian System" (PDF). Bulletin of Geosciences: 391–396. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1273. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
"GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Yuan, J.L.; Zhu, X.J.; Lin, J.P.; Zhu, M.Y. (22 September 2011). "Tentative correlation of Cambrian Series 2 between South China and other continents" (PDF). Bulletin of Geosciences: 397–404. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1274. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John; Taylor, Michael (1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17 (1–2): 95–100. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002.
Knoll, Andrew; Walter, Malcolm; Narbonne, Guy; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (28 February 2006). "The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale" (PDF). Lethaia. 39 (1): 13–30. doi:10.1080/00241160500409223. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
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External links

International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)

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[holocenestageratification-1] Walker, Mike; Head, Martin J.; Berkelhammer, Max; Björck, Svante; Cheng, Hai; Cwynar, Les; Fisher, David; Gkinis, Vasilios; Long, Anthony; Lowe, John; Newnham, Rewi; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Weiss, Harvey (1 December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries" (PDF). Episodes. 41 (4): 213–223. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. Retrieved 28 August 2020.

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[Castradori_1998-7] Castradori, D.; D. Rio; F. J. Hilgen; L. J. Lourens (1998). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 88–93. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003. S2CID 56126092. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.

[Couvering_2000-8] Couvering, John A. Van; Castradori, Davide; Maria Bianca Cita; Frederik J. Hilgen; Rio, Domenico (2000). "The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 179. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/005. S2CID 10836910. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.

[Hilgen_2000-9] Hilgen, F. J.; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; G. Villa; C. G. Langereis; W. J. Zachariasse (2000). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 172–178. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004.

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[Hilgen_2009-11] Hilgen, F. J.; H. A. Abels; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; I. Raffi; R. Sprovieri; E. Turco; W. J. Zachariasse (2009). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Serravallian Stage (Middle Miocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (3): 152–166. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i3/002. S2CID 31907781. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.

[Steininger_1997-12] Steininger, Fritz F.; M. P. Aubry; W. A. Berggren; M. Biolzi; A. M. Borsetti; Julie E. Cartlidge; F. Cati; R. Corfield; R. Gelati; S. Iaccarino; C. Napoleone; F. Ottner; F. Rögl; R. Roetzel; S. Spezzaferri; F. Tateo; G. Villa; D. Zevenboom (1997). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (1): 23–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005.

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[Molina_2011-16] Molina, Eustoquio; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; Bernaola, Gilen; Caballero, Fernando; Jaume Dinarès-Turell; Hardenbol, Jan; Claus Heilmann-Clausen; Juan C. Larrasoana; Hanspeter Luterbacher; Simonetta Monechi; Silvia Ortiz; Xabier Orue-Etxebarria; Aitor Payros; Victoriano Pujalte; Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tobar; Flavia Tori; Josep Tosquella; Alfred Uchman (2011). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Lutetian Stage at the Gorrondatxe section, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (2): 86–108. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i2/006. S2CID 131503804.

[Dupuis_2003-17] Dupuis, C.; Aubry, M.-P.; Steurbaut, E.; Berggren, W.A.; Ouda, K.; Magioncalda, R.; Cramer, B.S.; Kent, D.V.; Speijer, R.P.; Heilmann-Clausen, C. (2003). "The Dababiya Quarry section: lithostratigraphy, clay mineralogy, geochemistry and paleontology" (PDF). Micropaleontology. 49 (1): 41–59. Bibcode:2003MiPal..49S..41D. doi:10.2113/49.suppl_1.41.

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[Schmitz_2011-19] Schmitz, B.; Pujalte, V.; Molina, E.; Monechi, S.; Orue-Etxebarria, X.; Speijer, R. P.; Alegret, L.; Apellaniz, E.; Arenillas, I.; Aubry, M.-P.; Baceta, J.-I.; Berggren, W. A.; Bernaola, G.; Caballero, F.; Clemmensen, A.; Dinarès-Turell, J.; Dupuis, C.; Heilmann-Clausen, C.; Orús, A. H.; Knox, R.; Martín-Rubio, M.; Ortiz, S.; Payros, A.; Petrizzo, M. R.; von Salis, K.; Sprong, J.; Steurbaut, E.; Thomsen, E. (2011). "The global Stratotype Sections and Points for the bases of the Selandian (Middle Paleocene) and Thanetian (Upper Paleocene Paleocene) stages at Zumaia, Spain". Episodes. 34 (4): 220–243. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i4/002.

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[Odin_2001-21] Odin, Gilles S.; Michèle A. Lamaurelle (2001). "The global Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (4): 229–238. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/002.

[22] Jarvis, Ian; et al. (2023). "Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian–Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms". Cretaceous Research. 143: 105415. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14305415J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415. S2CID 253436620. Retrieved 14 January 2023.

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[Kennedy_2005-24] Kennedy, W. J.; I. Walaszczyk; W. A. Cobban (2005). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A." (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 93–104. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/003.

[Kennedy_2004-25] Kennedy, W. J.; A. S. Gale; J. A. Lees; M. Caron (2004). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Cenomanian Stage, Mont Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (1): 21–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i1/003.

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[Pavia_1997-33] Pavia, G.; R. Enay (1997). "Definition of the Aalenian-Bajocian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (1): 16–22. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/004.

[Cresta_2001-34] Cresta, S.; A. Goy; S. Ureta; C. Arias; E. Barrón; J. Bernad; M. L. Canales; F. García-Joral; E. García-Romero; P. R. Gialanella; J. J. Gómez; J. A. González; C. Herrero; G. Martínez; M. L. Osete; N. Perilli; J. J. Villalaín (2001). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic)" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (3): 166–175. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/003.

[35] Rocha, Rogério Bordalo; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luís Vítor; Pittet, Bernard; Elmi, Serge; Mouterde, René; Cabral, Maria Cristina; Comas-Rengifo, Maria José; Gómez, Juan José; Goy, António; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Littler, Kate; Mailliot, Samuel; Veiga de Oliveira, Luiz Carlos; Osete, Maria Luisa; Nicola, Perilli; Pinto, Susana; Ruget, Christiane; Suan, Guillaume (1 September 2016). "Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)". Episodes. 39 (3): 460–481. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741. hdl:10261/140775. S2CID 131791652. Retrieved 29 August 2020.

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[Bloos_2002-37] Bloos, Gert; Kevin N. Page (2002). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Sinemurian Stage (Lower Jurassic)" (PDF). Episodes. 25 (1): 22–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2002/v25i1/003.

[38] Rigo, Manuel; Bertinelli, Angela; Concheri, Giuseppe; Gattolin, Giovanni; Godfrey, Linda; Katz, Miriam E.; Maron, Matteo; Mietto, Paolo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Sprovieri, Mario; Stellin, Fabio; Mariachiara, Zaffani (2016). "The Pignola-Abriola section (southern Apennines, Italy): a new GSSP candidate for the base of the Rhaetian Stage". Lethaia. 49 (3): 287–306. doi:10.1111/let.12145. hdl:11577/3157425. ISSN 1502-3931.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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[Yugan_2006-41] Yugan, Jin; Wang, Yue; Henderson, Charles; Bruce R. Wardlaw; Shen, Shuzhong; Cao, Changqun (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003.

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