Leibniz operator

In this article, we introduce the Leibniz operator in the special case of classical propositional calculus, then we abstract it to the general notion applied to an arbitrary sentential logic and, finally, we summarize some of the most important consequences of its use in the theory of abstract algebraic logic.

Let

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}=\langle {\rm {Fm}},\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\rangle }$

denote the classical propositional calculus. According to the classical Lindenbaum–Tarski process, given a theory ${\displaystyle T}$ of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}$, if ${\displaystyle \equiv _{T}}$ denotes the binary relation on the set of formulas of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}$, defined by

${\displaystyle \phi \equiv _{T}\psi }$ if and only if ${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\phi \leftrightarrow \psi ,}$

where ${\displaystyle \leftrightarrow }$ denotes the usual classical propositional equivalence connective, then ${\displaystyle \equiv _{T}}$ turns out to be a congruence on the formula algebra. Furthermore, the quotient ${\displaystyle {\rm {Fm}}/{\equiv _{T}}}$ is a Boolean algebra and every Boolean algebra may be formed in this way.

Thus, the variety of Boolean algebras, which is, in algebraic logic terminology, the equivalent algebraic semantics (algebraic counterpart) of classical propositional calculus, is the class of all algebras formed by taking appropriate quotients of term algebras by those special kinds of congruences.

Notice that the condition

${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\phi \leftrightarrow \psi }$

that defines ${\displaystyle \phi \equiv _{T}\psi }$ is equivalent to the condition

for every formula ${\displaystyle \chi }$: ${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\phi \leftrightarrow \chi }$ if and only if ${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\psi \leftrightarrow \chi }$.

Passing now to an arbitrary sentential logic

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}=\langle {\rm {Fm}},\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\rangle ,}$

given a theory ${\displaystyle T}$, the Leibniz congruence associated with ${\displaystyle T}$ is denoted by ${\displaystyle \Omega (T)}$ and is defined, for all ${\displaystyle \phi ,\psi \in {\rm {Fm}}}$, by

${\displaystyle \phi \Omega (T)\psi }$

if and only if, for every formula ${\displaystyle \alpha (x,{\vec {y}})}$ containing a variable ${\displaystyle x}$ and possibly other variables in the list ${\displaystyle {\vec {y}}}$, and all formulas ${\displaystyle {\vec {\chi }}}$ forming a list of the same length as that of ${\displaystyle {\vec {y}}}$, we have that

${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\alpha (\phi ,{\vec {\chi }})}$ if and only if ${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\alpha (\psi ,{\vec {\chi }})}$.

It turns out that this binary relation is a congruence relation on the formula algebra and, in fact, may alternatively be characterized as the largest congruence on the formula algebra that is compatible with the theory ${\displaystyle T}$, in the sense that if ${\displaystyle \phi \Omega (T)\psi }$ and ${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\phi }$, then we must have also ${\displaystyle T\vdash _{\mathcal {S}}\psi }$. It is this congruence that plays the same role as the congruence used in the traditional Lindenbaum–Tarski process described above in the context of an arbitrary sentential logic.

It is not, however, the case that for arbitrary sentential logics the quotients of the term algebras by these Leibniz congruences over different theories yield all algebras in the class that forms the natural algebraic counterpart of the sentential logic. This phenomenon occurs only in the case of "nice" logics and one of the main goals of abstract algebraic logic is to make this vague notion of a logic being "nice", in this sense, mathematically precise.

The Leibniz operator

${\displaystyle \Omega }$

is the operator that maps a theory ${\displaystyle T}$ of a given logic to the Leibniz congruence

${\displaystyle \Omega (T),}$

associated with the theory. Thus, formally,

${\displaystyle \Omega$ :\mathrm {Th} ({\mathcal {S}})\rightarrow {\rm {Con}}({\rm {Fm}})}

is a mapping from the collection

${\displaystyle {\rm {Th}}({\mathcal {S}})}$ of the theories of a sentential logic

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}$ to the collection

${\displaystyle {\rm {Con}}({\rm {Fm}})}$

of all congruences on the formula algebra ${\displaystyle {\rm {Fm}}}$ of the sentential logic.

The Leibniz operator and the study of various of its properties that may or may not be satisfied for particular sentential logics have given rise to what is now known as the abstract algebraic hierarchy or Leibniz hierarchy of sentential logics. Logics are classified in various levels of this hierarchy depending on how strong a tie exists between the logic and its algebraic counterpart.

The properties of the Leibniz operator that help classify the logics are monotonicity, injectivity, continuity and commutativity with inverse substitutions. For instance, protoalgebraic logics, forming the widest class in the hierarchy – i.e., the one that lies in the bottom of the hierarchy and contains all other classes – are characterized by the monotonicity of the Leibniz operator on their theories. Other notable classes are formed by the equivalential logics, the weakly algebraizable logics and the algebraizable logics, among others.

There is a generalization of the Leibniz operator, in the context of categorical abstract algebraic logic, that makes it possible to apply a wide variety of techniques that were previously applicable only in the sentential logic framework to logics formalized as ${\displaystyle \pi }$-institutions. The ${\displaystyle \pi }$-institution framework is significantly wider in scope than the framework of sentential logics because it allows incorporating multiple signatures and quantifiers in the language and it provides a mechanism for handling logics that are not syntactically based.

• D. Pigozzi (2001). "Abstract algebraic logic". In M. Hazewinkel (ed.). Encyclopaedia of mathematics: Supplement Volume III. Springer. pp. 2–13. ISBN 1-4020-0198-3.
• Font, J. M., Jansana, R., Pigozzi, D., (2003), A survey of abstract algebraic logic, Studia Logica 74: 13–79.
• Janusz Czelakowski (2001). Protoalgebraic logics. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6940-0.

• "Algebraic Propositional Logic" entry by Ramon Jansana in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy