League Championship Series (esports)

The League Championship Series (LCS) is the top level of professional League of Legends in the United States and Canada. The esports league is run by Riot Games and has ten franchise teams.[1] Each annual season of competition is divided into two splits, spring and summer, which conclude with a double-elimination tournament between the top eight teams. At the end of the season, the winner, runners-up and third-place team of the summer playoffs qualify for the annual League of Legends World Championship.[2][3][4][5]

For the league formerly known as the European League of Legends Championship Series, see League of Legends EMEA Championship.

League Championship Series
Most recent season or competition:
2023 LCS season
Formerly
  • North American League of Legends Championship Series (2013–2018)
  • League of Legends Championship Series (2019–2020)
GameLeague of Legends
Founded2013 (2013)
FounderRiot Games
Inaugural season2013
Owner(s)Riot Games
Motto"Made by many"
No. of teams10
HeadquartersLos Angeles, California
ContinentNorth America
Most recent
champion(s)		NRG Esports (1st title)
(Summer 2023)
Most titlesTeam SoloMid (7 titles)
International cup(s)
Related
competitions		LEC, LCK, LPL
Official websitewww.lolesports.com

With the exception of some touring events, all games of the LCS are played live at the Riot Games Arena in Los Angeles, California. In addition to a small studio audience, all games are streamed live in several languages on Twitch and YouTube, with broadcasts regularly attracting over 300,000 viewers.[6] The U.S. government grants athlete visas for foreign LCS competitors.[7][8] The first LCS player to be awarded a P visa was Danny "Shiphtur" Le.[9][7]

The LCS has attracted sponsorships from Acer,[10] Coca-Cola,[11] and American Express.[12] "League of Legends Championship Series" is a Delaware limited liability company.[13]

History

Origins and early years

Prior to the formation of the North American League of Legends Championship series, League of Legends had a growing competitive scene, but a professional league was not a central component of Riot Games' initial business strategy. However, in 2011, professional organized league play became a prominent point of emphasis for Riot after the company hosted its inaugural championship tournament at DreamHack.[14]

On August 6, 2012, Riot Games announced the formation of the League of Legends Championship Series (LCS), a professional gaming league designed to provide support to teams from Europe, Asia, and the United States.[15] The inaugural season of the LCS commenced on February 7, 2013, coinciding with the third season of professional play in League of Legends. As such, it was designated as "Season 3". It was split two regional leagues: the European League of Legends Championship Series (EU LCS) and the North American League of Legends Championship Series (NA LCS). Within these leagues, eight teams representing their respective regions engaged in regional competitions. The top teams in each region advanced to the League of Legends World Championship.[16][17] The league was not profitable throughout its first season.[18] At the end of 2013, Riot announced a Challenger league, later known as the League of Legends Challenger Series (CS). The league was established with the purpose of serving as a platform for developing talent and providing an opportunity for Challenger-level teams to participate in the LCS via a promotion and relegation system.[19]

Heading into the 2015 season, an expansion tournament was held in both Europe and North America that added two teams in each region, giving the LCS a total of 10 teams per region.[20] Additionally, Riot introduced the concept of "Championship points", which teams would earn based on performance across both splits and playoffs in order to qualify for the World Championship.[21] A new sale of sponsorship rule was instated for the 2015 season, prohibiting companies that facilitated sponsorships for LCS teams from also possessing the branding of those LCS teams. Notably, the GoodGame Agency held ownership of both Europe's Alliance and North America's Evil Geniuses while simultaneously managing sponsorships for both teams. Consequently, in compliance with this new regulation, these teams underwent rebranding, adopting the names Elements and Winterfox, respectively. Furthermore, Curse Inc. faced restrictions on sponsoring LCS team Team Curse, leading to a comprehensive merger of the entire esports organization under the banner of Team Liquid.[22][23] The league's first female player, Maria "Remilia" Creveling, also joined the league in the 2015.[24]

On May 8, 2016, Riot Games took a series of punitive actions against NA LCS teams Team Impulse and Renegades, along with Challenger Series team Team Dragon Knights. These actions effectively banned these teams from participating in any future sanctioned League of Legends contests due to several infractions, including neglecting player payments, mistreatment of players, and withholding information that would have rendered the teams ineligible for competition. In addition to these sanctions, it was found that, during trade requests between Renegades and Team Dragon Knights, both organizations provided misleading information to League officials regarding the independence of the two teams and the status of players and payments. The evidence indicated that some players continued to be compensated and housed by their former teams even after the trade had been completed. As a result of these actions, former Renegades owner Chris Badawi was permanently banned from participating in Riot-sanctioned leagues, and Christopher Mykles was banned from holding any Riot-sanctioned position within a competing organization for one year. The three teams were given until May 18 to sell all rights and legal claims to their LCS/CS berths.[25]

Franchised era

In June 2017, Riot Games announced that the NA LCS would shift from a promotion and relegation system to franchised league with ten permanent teams beginning in 2018. Each of the ten teams would have guaranteed spots, which would encourage owners to make substantial investments, including the creation of training facilities and improvements in coaching, scouting, and player well-being. Each team was also mandated to maintain an academy squad for emerging talent development. Riot Games also raised the minimum salary for players to US$75,000, with an average annual income for League pros around $150,000. Additionally, a players' association was established to offer financial, legal, and career-building support to players.[26] The buy-in price for the league was $10 million for existing League of Legends teams, who had previously participated in the League Championship Series or Challenger Series. New teams would be subject to an additional $3 million, which was distributed to the teams that were replaced in the league. The NA LCS received over 100 applications for a spot in the league.[27][28] The ten franchised teams were announced in November 2017. Among the already established teams in the NA LCS were FlyQuest, Team SoloMid, Cloud9, Counter Logic Gaming, Echo Fox, and Team Liquid, while the newly admitted teams to the NA LCS were 100 Thieves, Clutch Gaming, Golden Guardians, and OpTic Gaming.[29]

LCS logo from 2019 to 2021

In December 2018, the NA LCS re-branded its name to simply the LCS and with updated their logo. The change aligned with the EU LCS's name change to the League of Legends European Championship (LEC) earlier that year. Following the EU LCS's transition to LEC, all major regions in the competitive world of League of Legends had a unique name, logo, and brand identities. The changes were made to establish distinct identities for every regions.[30]

The league saw several franchise sales in 2019. In June, the parent company of Dignitas announced that they had partnered with the Houston Rockets to acquire Clutch Gaming for reportedly over $30 million, marking the first-ever merger involving a League of Legends franchise in the LCS.[31] In May, Riot Games issued a 60-day ultimatum to Echo Fox, demanding the removal of co-founder and shareholder Amit Raizada from their cap table. This action was prompted after it was revealed that Raizada had used racist language directed at former Echo Fox CEO Jace Hall during an email exchange, and in another email, Raizada also made threats against the family of Echo Fox's owner, Rick Fox. When Echo Fox failed to comply with Riot's directive, Riot Games forced Echo Fox to sell its LCS franchise. After a failed attempt to sell the franchise to Kroenke Sports & Entertainment, Echo Fox agreed to allow Riot Games to handle the sale process. In September, Evil Geniuses acquired Echo Fox's LCS slot for $33 million.[32][33][34]

Before the 2020 season, the league implemented a series of format changes. The league removed the "Championship points" system introduced in 2015. In this new structure, victories during the spring splits would solely serve to qualify a team for the Mid-Season Invitational. The regional qualifying tournament, which was used to advance teams to the World Championship, was also eliminated. Instead, the top three teams from the summer split playoffs earned the right to advance to the World Championship. The LCS also implemented a revised schedule for the 2020 season, featuring broadcasts of matches on Monday evenings called "Monday Night League" in addition to their regularly scheduled Saturday and Sunday broadcasts.[35] In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, LCS commissioner Chris Greeley announced the suspension of the 2020 season on March 13, 2020, with no definite timeframe for resumption. Subsequently, the LCS resumed its competitions through online play, starting on April 18, 2020.[36][37] The league decided to discontinue Monday Night League in May 2020 due to low viewership. Instead, the league extended its broadcasts to include Friday evenings.[38]

The league rebranded from the League of Legends Championship Series into the League Championship Series ahead of the 2021 season.[39] A new logo and two new mottos were introduced: Made by many and All for the game.[40] The LCS expanded the 2021 season to include a preseason tournament called the LCS Lock-In. The league also merged the regular season of the spring and summer splits. Team's spring split regular season record qualified them for the LCS Mid-Season Showdown, which itself would be a qualifier for the Mid-Season Invitational. Regular season records over both spring and summer would be used to seed teams into the LCS Championship tournament, with the top three teams from there moving on to the World Championship.[41] For the 2022 season, the league returned to the previous regular season format, with each split's records being confined to that specific split.[42]

In the 2023 season, another franchise sale took place when NRG Esports acquired Counter Logic Gaming, assuming control of its LCS slot.[43] The 2023 season also saw the LCS Players Association (LCSPA) threaten a player walkout. In May of that year, Riot Games announced plans to remove the requirement for LCS teams to financially support North American Challengers League (NACL) teams, citing the need to provide more operational and financial flexibility to LCS teams. This change, effective from the 2023 Summer Split, led most LCS franchises to disband their development rosters. In response, the LCSPA threatened a player walkout to support affected individuals, viewing Riot's decision as unprecedented and contradictory to earlier assurances. The LCSPA demanded Riot's support for the NACL, citing successful second-tier leagues in other regions. The walkout vote passed, resulting in the first major esports league strike. Riot responded by delaying the start to the 2023 Summer Split, stipulating that if both parties could not reach an agreement within the designated two-week period, the Summer Split would be cancelled and no teams would be eligible for the 2023 World Championship. A deal was reached on June 8, establishing a new NACL business model with a 50/50 revenue split, governance improvements, minimum player notice and severance requirements, and healthcare insurance reinforcement. Riot also provided a one-time payment to Rally Cry, the NACL organizer, and emphasized cost-sharing between LCS and NACL teams.[44][45][46]

Media coverage

The LCS primarily reaches its viewers through online streaming using its own channels on Twitch and YouTube. On Twitch alone, viewership numbers regularly exceed 200,000 for regular season play,[6] and the games have drawn over 1.7 million unique visitors.[7] However, Riot Games CEO Brandon Beck stated in 2012 that there were no immediate plans to try to bring the LCS to traditional TV, and news coverage of the regular season is generally limited to dedicated electronic sports news sites, such as CBS Interactive's onGamers.[47]

The scale and popularity of the LCS itself, however, has attracted considerable media attention,[48] particularly around some events that legitimised the LCS as a serious competition.

In December 2016, Riot announced that it had reached a deal with BAMTech (a spin-off of MLB Advanced Media) to serve as the exclusive distributor of LCS broadcasts through 2023. BAMTech would have paid $50 million per-year under the contract, and split advertising revenue with Riot.[49][50] However, internal complications arose after The Walt Disney Company acquired BAMTech, and the contract never actually took effect. As a substitute, Riot entered into an agreement to non-exclusively carry its broadcasts on ESPN+ instead, in addition to existing outlets such as Twitch.[51]

Format

As of 2021, 10 teams from North America compete in the LCS. The LCS begins with the Lock-in kickoff tournament, consisting of a group stage and an eight-team single elimination bracket. The regular season is divided into a double-round robin spring split and a triple-round robin summer split, for a total of 225 games. Teams are ranked by win percentage, with ties split by tiebreaker games if necessary at the end of the regular season.[52] Beginning in 2021, the spring split playoffs were rebranded as the Mid-Season Showdown, retaining the six-team double elimination format.

The previous playoff format featured the top 6 teams of the regular season playing to determine the final standings. The top 2 teams of the regular season receive a bye into the semi-finals, and the remaining 4 teams play each other in the quarter-finals. Each split's playoffs awarded cash prizes and Championship Points, which are used to determine qualification into the annual League of Legends World Championship. The winner of the summer split and the next team with the highest number of Championship Points automatically qualified. The next four teams, as ranked by Championship Point totals, then went on to play the Regional Qualifier tournament to determine the final qualifying team.[53]

The current playoff format introduced in 2020 is a modified double-elimination tournament, with the top six teams seeded into the winners bracket and two additional teams seeded into the losers bracket. The winners bracket is played as a regular knockout tournament, with defeated teams falling to losers bracket. The top teams from the winners and losers brackets play against each other in grand final.[54] The winner of the summer split, along with the runner-up and third-place team, go on to qualify for the annual League of Legends World Championship.

Teams
Teams First appearance
in the LCS		 Roster Coach
Top Jungle Mid Bot Support
100 Thieves 2018 Spring Ssumday Closer Quid Doublelift Busio Cain
Cloud9 2013 Summer Fudge Blaber EMENES Berserker Zven Mithy
Dignitas 2013 Spring Rich Santorin Jensen Tomo Diamond Enatron
Evil Geniuses 2014 Spring Revenge Armao jojopyun Unf0rgiven Eyla Razvan
FlyQuest 2017 Spring Impact Spica VicLa Prince Vulcan Ssong
Golden Guardians 2018 Spring Licorice River Gori Stixxay Huhi Spookz
Immortals 2016 Spring Solo Kenvi Bolulu Tactical Treatz Mabrey
NRG Esports 2023 Summer Dhokla Contractz Palafox FBI IgNar Thinkcard
Team Liquid 2015 Spring Summit Pyosik APA Yeon CoreJJ Reignover
Team SoloMid 2013 Spring Hauntzer Bugi Insanity Wildturtle Chime Reven

Past seasons
Split 1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) 4th
2013 Spring Team SoloMid Good Game University* Team Vulcun* Team Curse*
2013 Summer Cloud9 Team SoloMid Team Vulcun* Team Dignitas
2014 Spring Cloud9 Team SoloMid Counter Logic Gaming Team Curse*
2014 Summer Team SoloMid Cloud9 LMQ* Team Curse*
2015 Spring Team SoloMid Cloud9 Team Liquid Team Impulse*
2015 Summer Counter Logic Gaming Team SoloMid Team Liquid Team Impulse*
2016 Spring Counter Logic Gaming Team SoloMid Immortals Team Liquid
2016 Summer Team SoloMid Cloud9 Immortals Counter Logic Gaming
2017 Spring Team SoloMid Cloud9 Phoenix1* FlyQuest
2017 Summer Team SoloMid Immortals Counter Logic Gaming Team Dignitas
2018 Spring Team Liquid 100 Thieves Echo Fox* Clutch Gaming*
2018 Summer Team Liquid Cloud9 Team SoloMid 100 Thieves
2019 Spring Team Liquid Team SoloMid Cloud9 FlyQuest
2019 Summer Team Liquid Cloud9 Counter Logic Gaming Clutch Gaming*
2020 Spring Cloud9 FlyQuest Evil Geniuses Team SoloMid
2020 Summer Team SoloMid FlyQuest Team Liquid Cloud9
2021 Spring Cloud9 Team Liquid Team SoloMid 100 Thieves
2021 Summer 100 Thieves Team Liquid Cloud9 Team SoloMid
2022 Spring Evil Geniuses 100 Thieves Team Liquid Cloud9
2022 Summer Cloud9 100 Thieves Evil Geniuses Team Liquid
2023 Spring Cloud9 Golden Guardians FlyQuest Evil Geniuses
2023 Summer NRG Esports Cloud9 Team Liquid Golden Guardians

Number of top four finishes

  *   Denotes a team that has been rebranded or disbanded.

Team 1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) 4th Total
Team SoloMid752216
Cloud9672217
Team Liquid425213
Counter Logic Gaming*20316
100 Thieves13026
Evil Geniuses10214
NRG Esports10001
FlyQuest02125
Immortals01203
Golden Guardians01012
Good Game University*01001
Team Vulcun*00202
Echo Fox*00101
LMQ*00101
Phoenix1*00101
Dignitas[55]00044
Team Curse*00033
Team Impulse*00022

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  55. Included Clutch Gaming
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