Latin verb paradigms

An agreement paradigm is a set of verbs that are selected according to features such as the number, speech role and gender of event participants.

Number
Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.)
Hī Caesarem vident. (They're seeing Caesar.)
Speech role
Ego Caesarem videō. (I'm seeing Caesar.)
Tū Caesarem vidēs. (You're seeing Caesar.)
Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.)
Gender
Hic ā Caesare vīsus est. (He was seen by Caesar.)
Haec ā Caesare vīsa est. (She was seen by Caesar.)
Hoc ā Caesare vīsum est. (This was seen by Caesar.)
For the formation of the verb paradigms, see Latin conjugation. For the formation of the verb group paradigms, see Latin periphrases. For the free indications of occurrences, see Latin tenses (semantics).
Latin grammar

Paradigm names

For each verb entry in a dictionary, there are multiple such agreement paradigms as shown in the table below. The names of the paradigms are taken from Langenscheidt Dictionary,[1] completed and adapted. The paradigms 'imperative indirect active', 'imperative indirect passive', 'supine genitive', 'supine dative' are not present in this dictionary because they are rare in the Classical Period, however they are accounted for in Grammar books and articles. The paradigms for 'supine accusative' and 'supine ablative' are called 'Supine I' and 'Supine II' in Langenscheidt dictionary, but often called 'supine accusative' and 'supine ablative' in articles when compared with the other two.

Agreement paradigms
Paradigm name ____1____ ____2____ ____3____ ____4____ ____5____ ____6____
indicative future active vidēbō vidēbis vidēbit vidēbimus vidēbitis vidēbunt
indicative future passive vidēbor vidēberis vidēbitur vidēbimur vidēbiminī vidēbuntur
indicative present active videō vidēs videt vidēmus vidētis vident
indicative present passive videor vidēris vidētur vidēmur vidēminī videntur
indicative imperfect active vidēbam vidēbās vidēbat vidēbāmus vidēbātis vidēbant
indicative imperfect passive vidēbar vidēbāris vidēbātur vidēbāmur vidēbāminī vidēbantur
indicative future perfect vīderō vīderis vīderit vīderimus vīderitis vīderint
indicative perfect vīdī vīdistī vīdit vīdimus vīdistis vīdērunt
indicative pluperfect vīderam vīderās vīderat vīderāmus vīderātis vīderant
subjunctive present active videam videās videat videāmus videātis videant
subjunctive present passive videar videāris videātur videāmur videāminī videantur
subjunctive imperfect active vidērem vidērēs vidēret vidērēmus vidērētis vidērent
subjunctive imperfect passive vidērer vidērēris vidērētur vidērēmur vidērēminī vidērentur
subjunctive perfect vīderim vīderīs vīderit vīderīmus vīderītis vīderit
subjunctive pluperfect vīdissem vīdissēs vīdisset vīdissēmus vīdissētis vīdissent
imperative active –– vidē –– –– vidēte ––
imperative passive –– vidēre –– –– vidēminī ––
imperative future active –– vidētō –– –– vidētōte ––
imperative future passive –– vidētor –– –– vidēminō ––
imperative indirect active –– –– vidētō –– –– videntō
imperative indirect passive –– –– vidētor –– –– videntor
infinitive present active vidēre
infinitive present passive vidī
infinitive perfect vīdisse
participle future nominative vīsūrus vīsūra vīsūrum vīsūrī vīsūrae vīsūra
participle future accusative vīsūrum vīsūram vīsūrum vīsūrōs vīsūrās vīsūra
participle future genitive vīsūrī vīsūrae vīsūrī vīsūrōrum vīsūrārum vīsūrōrum
participle future dative vīsūrō vīsūrae vīsūrō vīsūrīs vīsūrīs vīsūrīs
participle future ablative vīsūrō vīsūrā vīsūrī vīsūrīs vīsūrīs vīsūrīs
participle present nominative vidēns vidēns videntēs videntia
participle present accusative videntem vidēns videntēs videntia
participle present genitive videntis videntis videntium videntium
participle present dative videntī videntī videntibus videntibus
participle present ablative vidente vidente videntibus videntibus
participle past nominative vīsus vīsa vīsūrō vīsī vīsae vīsa
participle past accusative vīsum vīsam vīsum vīsōs vīsās vīsa
participle past genitive vīsī vīsae vīsī vīsōrum vīsārum vīsōrum
participle past dative vīsō vīsae vīsō vīsīs vīsīs vīsīs
participle past ablative vīsō vīsā vīsō vīsīs vīsīs vīsīs
gerundive nominative videndus videnda videndum videndī videndae videnda
gerundive accusative videndum videndam videndum videndōs videndās videnda
gerundive genitive videndī videndae videndī videndōrum videndārum videndōrum
gerundive dative videndō videndae videndō videndīs videndīs videndīs
gerundive ablative videndō videndā videndō videndīs videndīs videndīs
supine accusative vīsum
supine genitive vīsūs
supine dative vīsuī
supine ablative vīsū
gerund accusative videndum
gerund genitive videndī
gerund dative videndō
gerund ablative videndō

Types of agreement paradigm

Latin has two major types of agreement paradigms with two or more verbs as shown in the tables below:

Number + Speech role
number speech role indicative

present

active

 indicative

present

passive

 indicative

perfect

singular speaker amō amor amāvī
singular addressee amās amāris amāvistī
singular other amat amātur amāvit
plural +speaker amāmus amāmur amāvimus
plural –speaker +addressee amātis amāminī amāvistis
plural –speaker –addressee amant amantur amāvērunt
Number + Gender
number gender participle

past

nominative

 participle

past

accusative

singular masculine amātus amātum
singular feminine amāta amātam
singular neuter amātum amātum
plural +masculine amātī amātōs
plural –masculine +feminine amātae amātās
plural –masculine +neuter amāta amāta

Rare supines

Some supines are rare, but they do occur althroughout the Classical Period. Following the grammatical pattern whereby supines combine with verbs of motion, we see two semantic patterns: events taking place either where the motion starts or where it ends. We also see supines as the event performed by speech acts.

Events at origin

The ablative supine represents a state change at the origin of motion.

  • Prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat.[2]
    He should be the first to rise from sleep and the last to go to lie down.

Events at destination

The accusative supine represents a state change at the destination of motion.

  • Prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat.[3]
    He should be the first to rise from sleep and the last to go to lie down.

Events commanded by speech acts

The dative supine represents an event commanded by a speech act.

  • Quid enim revocante et receptuī canente senātū properet dīmicāre?[4]
    Why else would he hasten to fight the senate which was recalling and calling retreat?
  • Mēdiā nocte receptuī signum dedit.[5]
    At midnight, he gave a sign to retreat.

Events in periphrases

The genitive supine may occur in periphrasis for an immediate future in the present.

  • Quid ferat ignorās, et nunc tibī summa pavōris nuntīus armōrum tristis rumorque sinister. Victūs adest conjūnx. Quid perdis tempora luctūs?[6]
    You don't how [your partner] is doing and now you hold the utmost fear of sad war news and a few sinister rumours. Your partner is about to win. Why do you waste time mourning?

And the ablative supine may occur in periphrasis for possible undesirable future in the present.

  • Grāvidae quīdem fēminae, quibus tum adest partūs, abortū periclitantur.[7]
    Indeed, pregnant women, who are about to give birth, risk aborting.
  • Sī mūlier contrā patrōnum suum ingrāta facta, sciēns sē ingrātam, cum dē suō statū periclitābātur, aliquid patrōnō dederit, vel prōmīserit, nē in servitūtem redigātur.[8]
    If a [freed] woman commits an ingratitude against her patron, knowing that she is being ungreatful, when she risks being by herself, she must give or promise to give something to her patron to avoid being put back to slavery.

References
  1. Cherubini, Sabrina; Epple, Barbara (2014). Langenscheidt Schulwörterbuch Pro Latein. München: Langenscheidt GmbH & Co. KG. pp. 1142–1149. ISBN 978-3-468-11492-2.
  2. Marcus Porcius Cato, De Agri Cultura 1.5.4/5
  3. Marcus Porcius Cato, De Agri Cultura 1.5.4/5
  4. Marcus Tullius Cicero, Philippicae 12.9.1
  5. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 36.23.8.1
  6. Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, Bellum Civile 8.51-53
  7. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, De Medicina 2.1.10.1
  8. Iustinianus, Digesta Iustiniani 4.2.21.pr.1
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