Lady Hyegyeong

Lady Hyegyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (혜경궁 풍산 홍씨, 惠慶宮 豊山 洪氏; 6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816[1]), also known as Queen Heongyeong (헌경왕후, 獻敬王后),[2] was a Korean writer and Crown Princess during the Joseon Dynasty. She was the wife of Crown Prince Sado and mother of King Jeongjo. In 1903, Emperor Gojong gave her the posthumous name of Heongyeong, the Virtuous Empress (헌경의황후, 獻敬懿皇后).

Queen Heongyeong
헌경왕후
Crown Princess of Joseon
Tenure1744 – 12 July 1762
PredecessorCrown Princess Jo
SuccessorCrown Princess Kim
Born6 August 1735
Bansongbang, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon
Died13 January 1816 (1816-01-14) (aged 80)
Gyeongchunjeon Hall, Changgyeong Palace, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon
Burial
Yungneung Tombs, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1744⁠–⁠1762)​
IssueYi Jeong, Crown Prince Uiso
Yi San, King Jeongjo
Princess Cheongyeon
Princess Cheongseon
Posthumous name
  • 효강자희정선휘목유정인철계성헌경왕후 (孝康慈禧貞宣徽穆裕靖仁哲啓聖獻敬王后)
  • 헌경의황후 (獻敬懿皇后)
HousePungsan Hong clan (by birth)
Jeonju Yi clan (by marriage)
FatherHong Bong-han
MotherInternal Princess Consort Hansan of the Hansan Yi clan
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationHeongyeong Wanghu
McCune–ReischauerHŏngyŏng Wangu

Early life

Lady Hong was born in 1735, the third child and second daughter of the scholar Hong Bong-han of the Pungsan Hong clan and his first wife, Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan. Lady Hong was the great-great-great granddaughter of Princess Jeongmyeong, a daughter of Seonjo of Joseon and Queen Inmok.[3] Because the King is descended from Prince Jeongwon, Princess Jeongmyeong’s older half-brother and son of King Seonjo, Lady Hong and the King Yeongjo are also 5th cousins.

One of her father’s younger sisters eventually married Jo Eom of the Pungyang Jo clan, and became the great-grandmother to Queen Shinjeong, wife of Crown Prince Hyomyeong and mother of King Heonjong. Thus making Lady Hong be a first cousin twice removed of the future Queen.

In her memoirs, Lady Hyegyeong recalls being very attached to her parents, sleeping in her parents' room and accompanying her mother during her confinement for the birth of her brother, Hong Nak-sin.[4] Lady Hyegyeong's parent's marriage suffered strain after the death of her paternal grandfather, but the couple reconciled when the young child refused to eat.[5] She was taught to read and write vernacular Korean by an aunt-in-law, Lady Shin of the Pyeongsan Shin clan.[6]

Selection as Crown Princess

In 1744, a royal edict was sent out requesting that families with eligible girls submit their names for the selection of a spouse for the son of King Yeongjo, the Crown Prince Sado. Lady Yi was unwilling to submit her nine-year-old daughter for consideration, but her husband insisted. For the first selection process, the Hong family was not particularly wealthy, so Lady Yi stitched outfits suitable for presentation at court from old clothes.[7] Lady Hong thought that she would be too young to be successful, but she was summoned to a private audience with the crown prince's mother and eldest sister.[7] During the second presentation, three girls were selected, but Lady Hong writes in her memoir that King Yeongjo complimented her as a "beautiful daughter-in-law," during their meeting.[8]

The nine-year-old Lady Hong moved into a pavilion outside the palace, where she was tutored for a month by her parents and palace staff.[9] The wedding ceremony with nine-year-old Crown Prince Sado was held over a period of seven days in the first month of 1744.[10]

Palace life

Lady Hyegyeong's family initially enjoyed a close relationship with their royal in-laws and her father was employed in various official roles during his lifetime.[10] Hong Bong-han even tutored Crown Prince Sado early in his daughter's marriage.[11] Lady Hyegyeong recalls that, as early as 1745, Prince Sado was displaying strange behaviours, at several points losing consciousness.[12] The marriage was consummated in the same month as the 14-year-old Prince Sado's capping ceremony in 1749.[13]

Lady Hyegyeong gave birth to a son in 1750, but he died in 1752. Later the same year, she had another son named Yi San. The birth of a male heir so soon after the death of her eldest son meant that the court was particularly happy to welcome Yi San.[14] The crown Princess later gave birth to her first daughter, Princess Cheongyeon in 1754, and another daughter, Princess Cheongseon, in 1756.

Crown Prince Sado's illness

During their marriage, Prince Sado showed signs of increasingly severe mental illnesses. The symptoms included a sudden terror of thunder,[15] inability to speak before his father,[16] and a wish for death.[17] After an argument with his father in 1756, Sado berated an official and, in his haste to pursue him, knocked over a candlestick that started a fire, burning down several buildings.[18] Lady Hyegyeong, who was five months pregnant with Princess Cheongseon, ran to collect her son. When King Yeongjo discovered in 1757 that Prince Sado had fathered a daughter, Princess Cheonggeun, with a secondary consort, Court Lady Park, he criticised Lady Hyegyeong severely for helping Sado hide this. Afterwards, Lady Hyegyeong disguised the woman and snuck her out of the palace, hiding her at the home of Princess Hwawan.[19]

Lady Hyegyeong attempted to support her husband in his illness. Her role in his life included procuring sufficient cloth to make multiple sets of clothes, as the prince's, "clothing phobia," that arose in 1757 caused him to often burn outfits before selecting one to wear.[20] In the sixth month, Prince Sado entered their pavilion holding the severed head of a eunuch, which he forced the ladies-in-waiting to view. Later, he became violent towards the ladies-in-waiting, causing Lady Hyegyeong to report to his mother, Royal Noble Consort Yeong, that his illness was worsening. Royal Noble Consort Yeong wanted to speak to Prince Sado, but was persuaded not to, as Lady Hyegyeong said she feared for her own safety if he found out that his wife had spoken to others about it.[21] In her memoirs, Lady Hyegyeong describes fearing for the safety of herself and her children when Prince Sado was having manic episodes.[22] In 1760, she recalls Prince Sado threw a go board at her, which hit her in the face and caused such a large bruise around her eye that she had to miss a ceremony for King Yeongjo's moving house.[23]

Section of a scroll painted in 1795 showing Lady Hyegyeong's palanquin on its way to visit Prince Sado's tomb.

In 1762, Prince Sado summoned his wife. Convinced she was going to die, Lady Hyegyeong first visited her son Yi San. On arriving, Prince Sado requested that she bring him their son's cap to wear to meet his father, but Lady Hyegyeong presented him with his own cap.[24] When he left, Lady Hyegyeong returned to her son, where she later heard a eunuch requesting a rice chest from the kitchens. At this, Yi San ran outside to beg for his father's life and Lady Hyegyeong attempted suicide with scissors, but was stopped. She then went to the wall next to the courtyard where Sado was being sentenced by King Yeongjo and listened to her husband beg for his life. She then listened to the sound of Sado trying to get out of the chest.[25]

Lady Hyegyeong wrote a letter begging clemency of King Yeongjo for herself and Yi San. The same day, her elder brother arrived with an edict to escort her to her father's home. Lady Hyegyeong was carried to a palanquin, where she fainted. Yi San later joined his mother at his grandfather’s Hong Bong-han's house, along with his consort and younger sisters.[26] Eight days later, Prince Sado was pronounced dead and Lady Hyegyeong returned to the palace for the mourning rituals.[27]

Aftermath

She wrote The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong (Korean: 한중록; RR: Hanjungnok), detailing her life as the ill-fated Crown Princess, her husband's descent into madness and the deeds for which he was eventually put to death.[28][29][30]

Titles
  • 6 August 1735 - January 1744: Lady Hong, daughter of Hong Bong-han of the Pungsan Hong clan
  • January 1744 - 12 July 1762: Her Highness, The Crown Princess of Joseon (왕세자빈; 王世子嬪)
  • 12 July 1762 - 17 April 1776: Her Highness, The Crown Princess Dowager of Joseon (왕세자대빈; 王世 子大嬪)
    • Crown Princess Consort Hye (혜빈, 惠嬪)
  • 17 April 1776 - 13 January 1816: Lady Hyegyeong (혜경궁, 惠慶宮)
  • Posthumous title: Queen Heongyeong (헌경왕후; 興慶王后)

Family
  • Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
    • Hong Yi-sang (홍이상, 洪履祥) (1549 - 1615)
  • Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
    • Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan (정경부인 안동 김씨, 贈 貞敬夫人 安東 金氏) (1554 - 1616)
  • Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
    • Hong Yeong (홍영, 洪霙) (1584 - 1645)
  • Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
    • Lady Yi of the Yeonan Yi clan (정경부인 연안 이씨, 貞敬夫人 延安 李氏) (? - 1656)
  • Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
  • Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
  • Great-Great-Grandfather
    • Hong Man-yong (홍만용, 洪萬容) (1631 - 1692)[31]
  • Great-Great-Grandmother
  • Great-Grandfather
    • Hong Jung-ki (홍중기, 洪重箕) (1650 - 1706)
  • Great-Grandmother
    • Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (본관: 전주 이씨, 全州 李氏); (이민서의 딸) daughter of Yi Min-seo (이민서, 李敏敍) (1633 - 1688)
  • Grandfather
    • Hong Hyeon-bo (1680 - 1740) (홍현보)
  • Grandmother
    • Lady Im of the Pungcheon Im clan (본관: 풍천 임씨); Hong Hyeon-bo's first wife, daughter of Im Bang (임방, 任埅) (1640 - 1724)
      • Step-grandmother - Lady Yi of the Seongju Yi clan (성주 이씨)
  • Father
    • Hong Bong-han (1713 - 1778) (홍봉한, 洪鳳漢)[32]
      • Aunt - Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산홍씨, 豊山 洪氏) (1717 - 1808)[33]
      • Uncle-in-law - Jo Eom (조엄, 趙曮) (1719 - 1777)[34][35]
      • Aunt: Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산 홍씨)
      • Aunt: Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산 홍씨)
      • Half-uncle - Hong In-han (홍인한, 洪麟漢) (1722 - 5 July 1776)
      • Half aunt-in-law - Internal Princess Consort Pyeongsan of the Pyeongsan Shin clan (평산부부인 신씨)
        • Cousin - Hong Nak-won (홍낙원, 洪樂源)
        • Cousin - Hong Nak-sul (홍낙술, 洪樂述)
        • Cousin - Hong Nak-jin (홍낙진, 洪樂進)
        • Cousin - Hong Nak-sun (홍낙손, 洪樂遜)
        • Cousin - Hong Nak-joon (홍낙준, 洪樂浚)
        • Cousin - Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산 홍씨)
          • Cousin-in-law - Sim Neung-pil (심능필, 沈能弼)[36]
      • Half-uncle - Hong Jun-han (홍준한, 洪俊漢) (1731 - ?)
      • Half-uncle - Hong Yong-han (홍용한, 洪龍漢) (1734 - 1809)
  • Mother
    • Internal Princess Consort Hansan of the Hansan Yi clan (1713 - 1755) (한산부부인 한산 이씨, 韓山府夫人 韓山 李氏)
      • Maternal Grandfather: Yi Jib (1670 - 1727) (이집, 李潗)
      • Maternal Grandmother: Lady Yu of the Gigye Yu clan (기계 유씨, 杞溪 兪氏)
      • Aunt: Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan (한산 이씨)
        • Uncle-in-law: Shin Sa-jeok (신사적, 申思迪)
          • Cousin: Lady Shin of the Pyeongsan Shin clan (평산 신씨)
            • Cousin-in-law: Kim Yi-jung (김이중, 金履中)
              • First cousin once: Kim Jo-sun (김조순, 金祖淳) of the Andong Kim clan (1765 — 1832)
  • Siblings
    • Older brother: Hong Nak-in (홍낙인, 洪樂仁) (1729 - 19 June 1777)
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Min of the Yeoheung Min clan (여흥 민씨, 驪興 閔氏)[37][38]
        • Nephew: Hong Su-yeong (홍수영, 洪守榮)
    • Older sister: Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산 홍씨, 豊山 洪氏); died young
    • Younger brother: Hong Nak-sin (홍낙신, 洪樂信) (1739 - 1796)
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Jo of the Imcheon Jo clan (임천 조씨, 林川 趙氏);[39] daughter of Jo Myeong-geon (조명건)
    • Younger brother: Hong Nak-im (홍낙임, 洪樂任) (1741 - 1801)
      • sister-in-law: Lady Jo of the Imcheon Jo clan (임천 조씨, 林川 趙氏);[40] daughter of Jo Myeong-geon
    • Younger sister: Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산 홍씨, 豊山 洪氏) (1747 - ?)
      • Brother-in-law: Yi Bok-il of the Jeonju Yi clan (이복일, 李復一) (1745 - ?)
    • Younger brother: Hong Nak-ryun (홍낙륜, 洪樂倫) (November 1750 - 1813)[41]
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Kim of the Cheongpung Kim clan (청풍 김씨, 淸風 金氏)[42]
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Yi of the Deoksu Yi clan (덕수 이씨, 德水 李氏)
    • Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-jwa (홍낙좌)[43]
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Shin of the Pyeongsan Shin clan (평산 신씨, 平山 申氏)
    • Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-woo (홍낙우)
    • Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-dong (홍낙동)
    • Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-yi (홍낙이)
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan (안동 김씨, 安東 金氏)
  • Husband
  • Issue
    • Yi Jeong, Crown Prince Uiso (27 September 1750 - 17 April 1752) (이정 의소세자)
    • Yi San, King Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800) (조선 정조)
    • Princess Cheongyeon (1754 - 9 June 1821) (청연공주)[44]
      • Son-in-law: Kim Gi-seong (1752 - 1811) (김기성, 金箕性)
        • Grandson: Kim Jae-chang (김재창, 金在昌) (1770 - 1849)
        • Granddaughter: Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan (광산 김씨, 光山 金氏) (1771 - 1787); married Jo Jae-gyu (조재규, 趙在奎) of the Imcheon Jo clan (임천 조씨) (1772 - 1843)
        • Grandson: Kim Jae-sam (김재삼, 金在三) (1776 -1837)
        • Unnamed grandson; died prematurely
        • Unnamed grandson; died prematurely
        • Unnamed grandson; died prematurely
        • Unnamed grandson; died prematurely
        • Unnamed grandson; died prematurely
        • Granddaughter: Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan (본관: 광산 김씨, 光山 金氏); died prematurely
    • Princess Cheongseon (1756 - 20 July 1802) (청선공주)[45]
      • Son-in-law: Jeong Jae-hwa (1754 - 1790) (정재화, 鄭在和)
        • Grandson: Jeong Ui (정의, 鄭漪) (1782 - 1832)
        • Granddaughter: Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (본관: 연일 정씨, 延日 鄭氏); married Min Chi-seong (민치성, 閔致成) of the Yeoheung Min clan
        • Granddaughter: Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (본관: 연일 정씨, 延日 鄭氏); married Hong Hyeok (홍혁, 洪赫) of the Pungsan Hong clan

Film and television

Literature

References

Notes
  1. In Lunar Calendar, the crown princess was born on 18 June 1735 and died on 15 December 1815
  2. Lady Hyegyeong was firstly given the posthumous title Queen Gyeongui (경의왕후, 敬懿王后), but this title has been dismissed after receiving her other title Queen Heongyeong (헌경왕후, 獻敬王后) after her death.
  3. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 340-341.
  4. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 51.
  5. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 53.
  6. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 52.
  7. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 57.
  8. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 58.
  9. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 63-68.
  10. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 70.
  11. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 74-75.
  12. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 252.
  13. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 255.
  14. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 262.
  15. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 265.
  16. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 267.
  17. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 269.
  18. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 270-271.
  19. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 285.
  20. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 293.
  21. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 281-282.
  22. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 299.
  23. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 297.
  24. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 320.
  25. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 321.
  26. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 322.
  27. Kim Haboush (2013), p. 325-327.
  28. Byun, Eun-mi (3 February 2013). "The annals of the Joseon princesses". The Gachon Herald. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  29. Choe-Wall, Yang Hi (1985). Memoirs of a Korean Queen: memoirs of Lady Hong of Hyegyong Palace. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710300522.
  30. 사도세자 죽음 담은 '한중록'의 진은. Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). 19 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  31. Adoptive great-grandson of Queen Insun
  32. His cousin, Hong Sang-han (홍상한, 洪象漢), married Queen Seonui’s 4th cousin, Lady Eo of the Hamjong Eo clan. Their great-grandson, Hong Hyeon-ju (홍현주, 洪顯周), eventually married Princess Sukseon (a daughter of King Jeongjo and Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan)
  33. Lady Hong eventually became the great-grandmother of Queen Shinjeong
  34. Brought sweet potato seeds in 1763 during King Yeongjo's 39th year of reign
  35. The great-grandfather of Queen Shinjeong
  36. A 7th great-grandson of Sim Ui-gyeom
  37. Min Jin-won's granddaughter (Queen Inhyeon's older brother) and Min Hyeong-su's daughter
  38. Hong Nak-in eventually became the Great-Great-Uncle and Lady Min eventually became the Great-Great-Aunt of Empress Sunmyeong
  39. She was the first wife of Hong, and when she died Park Ji-won (박지원) wrote a poem, commemorating her death at the request of Hong Nak-im, called "Man-jo-suk-in" (만조숙인)
  40. Is the sister of Hong Nak-sin’s wife
  41. It was said, based on one of King Jeongjo’s letters, that despite being uncle and nephew, as well as the two year age gap between Hong Nak-ryun and the King, both men considered each other to be friends.
  42. Lady Kim is Queen Hyoui’s cousin
  43. Sometime after the death of Lady Yi in 1755, Hong Bong-han brought Lady Kim of the Gimhae Kim clan (김해 김씨, 金海 金氏) as his concubine, and eventually had 4 illegitimate sons with her.
  44. Married in 1765
  45. Married in 1766
  46. Drabble, Margaret (October 3, 2005). The Red Queen. Mariner Books. ISBN 0156032708.

Works cited
  • Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2013). The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea (2 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20055-5.
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